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Sociology (Key Sociologists (Georg Simmel (Germany, France 1858-1918) (Neo…
Sociology
Key Sociologists
Max Weber (German, 1864 -1920)Info Cited as one of the founding members of Sociology
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Karl Marx (Germany, France, Belgium, United Kingdom 1818-1883)
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Anthony Giddens (UK, 1938 -)
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Georg Simmel (Germany, France 1858-1918)
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Erving Goffman (Canada, US, 1922 - 1982) thought of as most influential American sociologist
Symbolic interaction, social construction of self - how we present ourselves in different social situations
Robert Merton (US, 1910 - 2003)
Anomie - used to refer to strain put on individuals behaviour when difference between accepted norms conflict with social reality
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Influences on Modernity
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Emotions: Marriage, childhood, views on execution and violence
Race & Ethnicity
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Ethnicity: Cultural practices and outlooks specific to community of people include: language, history, religion etc
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Multiculturalism: complex term, generally used around idea culutral differences respected, quite often in relation to migrants letting go of cultural traditions and assimilate culture
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Refugees: recognised accordance with UNHCR Asylum-Seeker: individuals sought international protection and waiting for refugee status
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Crime & Deviance
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Rational Choice theories - act of deviance as action part of reaction and as a choice based on rational decision weighing up the risks
Moral Crusades (studies by Becker - role of moral entrepreneurs with different driving forces to drive moral stances against labelled deviance ie. prohibition and criminalisation of marijuana by FBI department to justify existence #
Labelling Theory (Howard Becker) more collection of works states there is no such thing as deviance per se but types of people and activities that are labelled deviant #Also known as constructionist approach in broader sociological approaches. Why is there now a problem - what are the influences to label the activity as deviant?
Control Theories - why do people conform rather than deviate, turning the question around, why is there not more crime? Most influential study by Hirschi around social bonds
Edward Sutherland: Learning Theory - criminal behaviour is learnt similar to that or other learnt behaviour in society # #
Durkhiem: Suicide and anomie - higher levels of suicide in societies that have lower levers of religious/grouped cohesive integration
Anomie: Feeling of aimlessness #
Social Class and Identity (social identities related to economic inequalities in society). Exists within the modern ideal and age of enlightenment.
Karl Marx - proposed that social class would take over - communism which didn't happen. Marxist is to follow Marx not be a communist.
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Terms
classes (Marxist) upper and lower class. Social class today doesn't necessarily fit with economic wealth and influenced by social and cultural trends. Decline of working class trends ie. manufacturing like Holden and reduction in unions
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Weber : challenged Marx and proposed Class Power, social status & political power #
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Pierre Bourdieu - social practice. Objective social relations and subjective interpretations of the world - central concept Habitus (embodied dispositions). Behavioural regularities with unconscious acts of reflexivity ie. tennis player [#]
Linked ti systematic inequalities
Cultural Capital and tastes - who you know and networks(#f100a8)
Global Society
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Globalisation Radicals - creation of a global culture or 'global village - McLuhan'. homogeneous culture. Dream of work citizenship
Globalisation sceptics: see global flows as negative, promotes cultural imperialism and market dominance by US/West. Based on global inequalitites
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New International Division of Labour (NIDL): Transnational Corporations, International specialisation of tasks, Outsourcing
Sex, Gender & Power
Definitions
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Gender: Psychological, social and cultural differences M & F (usually looked at as binary)
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