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Antioxidants by Yass, Yasmin & Kala (Vitamin Antioxidants: To…
Antioxidants
by Yass, Yasmin & Kala
Mineral Antioxidants
: To activate enzyme systems
Trace Minerals
Selenium
Why
:
Protects cell membranes by acting as a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase enzyme, and spares the use of vitamin E by reducing the number of free radicals.
Toxicity
(too much):
May lead to
: hair loss, brittle nails, neurological damage, fatigue, irritability
Deficiency
(too little):
May lead to
: Keshan's disease-cardiomyopathy and severe joint pain
Where
:
Associated with proteins in plant and animal foods
The relationship between selenium and vitamin E focuses on selenium's ability to perform the same functions as vitamin E, that is destroying free radicals, without having the severe risks of toxicity that vitamin E poses.
-
Vitamin Antioxidants
: To donate electrons to stabilize free radicals
Fat Soluble
Vitamin E
Toxicity
(too much):
Source:
Excess supplement use (food highly unlikely to cause toxicity)
May lead to
; strengthening of blood thinners (e.g, aspirin) causing uncontrollable bleeding, muscle weakness, fatigue, nausea, diarrhea
Deficiency
(too little):
Who is deficient?:
Preterm infants (highest risk) and hemolytic anemia patients
May lead to:
Feeling sluggish
Where...
... it's found:
Plant oils, nuts, seeds, whole grains, peanut butter, egg yolk and liver (in small quantities)
... it's lost:
prolonged heat, oxygen, metal, or light exposure; must be stored in
cool, dark
places
Why:
Antioxidant roles:
captures free radicals that damage PUFA in membrane, active in lung cell membranes due to constant O2 exposure, in mitochondrial and nuclear membranes to protect cell material from oxidation
Non-antioxidant roles:
Reduces aggregation of blood platelets thus reducing risk of heart disease, protects against oxidation of lung membranes and LDL;maintains integrity of white and red blood cells
-
-
Vitamin A
: Retinoids and Carotenoids
Retinoids
: preformed vitamin A
Retinal
: vision
Retinoic Acid
Growth and development
Retinol
: reproduction
Why
:
Quenches free radicals, protects LDL, vision, growth, development, reproduction, health of mucous membranes in epithelial tissue, immune function and infection
Too much
:
Acute
Chronic
Teratogenic
Symptoms
:
loss of appetite, nausea, headaches, dry skin, enlarged liver, spleen, bone defects
Too little
:
Vision
: night blindness, xerophthalmia (dry eye)
Growth, development and reproduction
: growth failure in children, can't reproduce, abnormal jaw bone growth
Health of mucous membranes in epithelial tissue
: reduced mucous production and keratinization of cells
Immune function- Infection
: higher incidence of measles in developing countries which is linked to lack of vitamin A
Where
:
protein rich foods, liver, fish oils, egg yolk, fortified milk, butter, cheese
Where
:
Found in animal foods
-
Carotenoids
: provitamin A form that can be used as is or converted into retinoids
Where
:
Lost in
:
Food preparation
Found in plant foods like green and orange vegetables, red and orange fruit, fortified margarine and breakfast cereals,
Why
:
Neutralizes free radicals, protects against sun damage, protects against age related degeneration, anti-inflammatory in moderate doses and pro-inflammatory in high doses
Too much
:
Hypocarotenemia
Too little
:
Increased risk of heart disease and cancer
Beta-carotene
: Carotenoid
Beta-carotene
is the carotenoid with the most diverse biological activity in the body, and it is absorbed with fat.
Where?
Found in plant foods (ex. Sweet potatoes and carrots).
Toxicity
Too much?
It is non-toxic as it has a lower rate of absorption, therefore toxic levels are not easily reached even with high consumption.
Retinol toxicity is not a concern because the conversion of beta-carotene to retinol is not efficient.
Hypercarotenemia
, which is the appearance of yellow skin, due to high consumption over an extended period of time.
Deficiency
Too Little?
While there are no known symptoms associated with deficiency of beta-carotene, as in there is no DRI, low intake levels have been associated with increasing the risk of heart disease and cancer.
Why?
It is important in the body because when Vitamin A (retinol) levels are low, beta-carotene can be converted to retinol as a secondary source.
Antioxidant role:
It helps protect against oxidation of cell membranes and low density lipoproteins.
What?
Carotenoids
are compounds that are converted (cleaved) to form Vitamin A (retinol) in the body.
Water Soluble
Vitamin C
Deficiency
(too little):
Who is deficient:
Alcoholics (w/ nutrient-poor diet), smokers (increased free radicals) and burn patients (increased collagen required)
May lead to:
Scurvy
Bleeding, weak gums, painful joints slow healing
Widespread tissue breakdown
Toxicity
(too much):
May lead too:
Megadose (approx. > 10 times DRI), Pro-oxidant, Rebound Scurvy, Kidney Stones
Where...
... it's found:
Plant foods:
Fruits & Veggies (e.g. berries, tomatoes, citrus),
... it's lost:
During food prep (excess heat, water-solubility, prolonged exposure to air or baking soda)
Why:
Antioxidant role:
Electron donor (stops free radical damage), plays a role in both intra and extracellular fluid compartments, reduces nitrosamine formation in stomach (carcinogen), keeps folate coenzyme intact
*restores active antioxidant form Vitamin E
Non-antioxidant role:
Improves absorption of iron, helps synthesize collagen, active in immune system cells' functionality, thyroid regulation, steroid hormones, neurotransmitters and used for DNA synthesis
-
Free Radicals
When electrons do not become successfully paired during oxidation, destabilized atoms (free radicals) are produced.
Examples:
Superoxide radical
Hydroxyl radical
Nitric Oxide
Formed how?
Through metabolic processes and exposure to environmental factors.
What do they do?
Pros:
Help the immune system
Con:
can damage cell membranes by attacking lipids, proteins, low-density lipoproteins, and nuclear DNA.
What is a Redox reaction?
It is a reaction between two molecules in which one molecule loses an electron (oxidation) and the other molecule gains an electron (reduction).
Why are they important?
Free radicals help the immune system and protect the body from harmful substances by breaking them down.
By donating an electron to an orbital that is lacking one, the free radical becomes neutralized, and cannot cause damage to cells through further reactions.
By activating enzymes, they are able to destroy the free radical, rather than neutralize it.