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What is statistics? (module 1) (Vocabulary (Parameter :red_flag: (numeric…
What is statistics? (module 1)
We have questions
We collect, analyze, and interpret date to answer these questions
Vocabulary
Variable
(tend to be marked on columns) :red_flag:
Thing of interest
Observation
(tend to be marked by rows) :red_flag:
Each individual case is an "observation"
Population
:red_flag:
The entire overall group we are interested in (sometimes called target population)
Sample
:red_flag:
subset of population we collect data on
Parameter
:red_flag:
numeric characteristic pertaining to a population
We never get to know the true value of parameter, we try to estimate : :checkered_flag:
Statistic
:red_flag:
summarizes the data of a sample
We use statistics to make estimates of a parameter
Confounding variable
an unmeasured variable related to both the predictor & response variable
2 Major Fields of Statistics
Descriptive
Our findings are limited to this one data set
Inferential
We "draw inference" on some larger population
However, inference also has some degree of uncertainty :warning:
Types of Data
Quantitative / numeric (able to do math with quantitative data)
Continuous (i.e. temperature, time)
Discrete (whole integers) ie counting people
Qualitative
Nominal (category) can only count frequency with data
Ordinal (involves ranking) alphabet
Role of "Variation" (Ideally, we want to explain/account for as much variation as possible in data)
Noise (unexplained variation) vs. Signal (explained variation)
Accuracy (validity) vs. Precision (reliability)