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Polanyi/ Kuhn (Truth, reality (POLANYI (Truth and reality are independent…

- - - - Through the truth into the real
        (Poirier 1989 Thomist)
      - Truth about NATURE revealed through intellectual beauty
    - - Fruitfulness of discoveries judged in relation to truth
  - - - Paradigm shifts; changing of consensus
      - No "closer and closer to the truth/ reality" (End of SSR)
- - - - Intellectual
        
        Passion as guide to decisions
        Lens: Our vision of reality
        
        Scientific values (IP appreciates it):
        
        Certainty (accuracy)
        
        Systematic relevance (profundity)
        
        Intrinsic interest (extra-scientific)
        
        Competition between 1&2 vs. 3; cannot simply rely on 1&2
        
        Misguided passion: For impersonal knowledge
        Implication: Accrediting and upholding of freedom of culture in society (!)
        
        Comparison between science and art (foundation: Beauty)
        Reality: Empirical vs. Artistic
        Beauty and reality
        
        i.e. Math, beauty, interest
        
        Rediscovery of scientific beauty through education
      - Heuristic
        
        Capacity for discoveries
        After discovery, can't see the world the same anymore
        (Originality)
        
        Discovery vs. Paradigm shift
        (NOT Gestalt)
        
        "Seeks no personal possessions"
        (But also demands QQC)
        Not to conquer, but to enrich
        (NOT puzzle-solving)
        
        Persuasive
        
        To win "intellectual sympathy"; subsequent acceptance a heuristic, self-modifying act i.e. CONVERSION
        
        New way of reasoning; demonstration + persuasion
        
        "Neutrality" of science anachronistic; historical context needed
        
        HP links IP (appreciation of scientific values) to vision of reality
    - - Link between scientific beliefs + valuations (vision?) and scientific procedures; B + V as premises of scientific pursuits
      - Tacitly observed
        Derived through our acts, not anteriorly ("following pre-determined premises")
        
        Believing before understanding
        
        Think of it as a skill, hence the tacit learning aspect
        "Acting on premises that we are focally ignorant"
      - Can know premises of past scientific achievements; current ones still tacit, maturing, developping
      - Change in scientific values - change in scientific method (maxims, procedures)
      - Science not esablished through acceptance of formula, but a part of mental life, a belief
    - - Social implications: Personal knowledge, independent thought, freedom.
        Impersonal brings the opposite
        
        Personal autonomy (freedom) in science - society
        
        BAD: Moral passions cast as scientific affirmation
        Science - moral
        (Marxism, socialism, science)
  - - - Novelties in science to be produced. NOT the goal of normal science, though
      - Problems in NS as PUZZLES
        
        Criterion: Not intrinsic value/ interest, but existence of a solution i.e. Beating cancer may not have a solution, but focusing on a certain type in a certain way does.
        All within paradigms
        
        Re: Puzzles. Solutions & rules, but rules derived from paradigms
        
        Focus: Nothing intrinsic about target of research, but ingenuity of scientist in solving the problem.
        
        Puzzles always in relation to existing paradigm
        
        Rules-commitments: From paradigms
        (Conceptual, theoretical, instrumental, methodological)
        Rules provided, so scientists just focus on problem-solving
        
        Puzzles: Bringing normal research to its conclusion; needs creativity
        (But it doesn't have to be puzzles; that's Kuhn's interpretation. This can be supplemented by Polanyi's passions)
      - Results from experiements add to normal research within paradigm
    - - Puzzles happen within paradigm. What happens when the paradigm is being broken down, and a new one begins to emerge?