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Cultural Distinctions in Communication (Individualist or Collectivist…
Cultural Distinctions in Communication
Individualist or Collectivist
Collectivist
Guatemala, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, Columbia, Indonesia, Pakistan, China, Costa Rica, and Peru
Responsible for entire group
Success measured by contribution to group
Cooperation
Individualist
United States, Australia, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Canada, New Zealand, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, and Sweden
Responsible for yourself and perhaps immediate family
Success measured by others - you are considered successful when you accomplish something by yourself
Competition
High and Low Context
High
Information that was given in previous interactions or mutual experiences
Spend lots of time getting to know one another
People in Low-Context may appear insulting or insensitive
Afraid to say "No" because afraid they may make someone upset
Low
Information that is explicitly stated in all forms
Spend less time getting to know one another
Misunderstandings are more likely
Lack of shared knowledge of one another
People in High-Context may appear vague, dishonest
Power
High
Mexico, Brazil, India, Philippines
Challenging the teacher on a topic is wrong
Relationships are within cultural class
Confrontations looked down upon
Low
Denmark, New Zealand, Sweden
Power is more evenly distributed throughout ordinary citizens
Challenging a teacher on a topic is typically encouraged
Relationships are based on personality and appearance
Confrontations regarding an issue are encouraged
Masculine/Feminine
Masculine
Assertiveness
Can be aggressive
Strength
Successes
Competitive
May resolve conflicts competitively
Feminine
Concern for Relationships
More likely to resolve issues and compromise
Overall quality of life
Values
Tolerance for Ambiguity
High Ambiguity-Tolerance
Not afraid of unknown situations or uncertainty
Hong Kong, Sweden, Philippines, Singapore, Jamaica, Ireland, Britain, Malaysia, India, United States
People tolerate others who don't follow same rules as the majority
Freedom and vagueness in assignments
Want to be rewarded for creativity
Low-Ambiguity Tolerance
High Anxiety Culture
Do a lot to avoid uncertainty and unknowns
See uncertainty as threatening
Greece, Portugal, Guatemala, Uruguay, Peru, Chile, Spain, Belgium, El Salvador, Japan, Costa Rica
Very clear rules for communication that can't be broken
Students prefer high structured learning experiences
A paper assigned about "anything" would cause panic
Long and Short Term
Long Term
Emphasizes the future
Future Rewards
Future Academic Paths
Many marriages aren't typically romantic
South Korea, Taiwan, Japan, China, Ukraine, Germany, Estonia, Belgium, Lithuania, and Russia
In schools, success and failure are looked at as personal efforts
Short Term
Puerto Rico, Ghana, Egypt, Trinidad, Nigeria, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Iran, Morocco, Zimbabwe
Emphasize on the past and present
Spend money on the present rather than the future
Want quick results
Marriage is typically romantic
In schools, success and failure are looked at as luck or chance
Indulgence and Restraint
Indulgence
Focus on having fun and enjoying life
More people in these countries are happy
Life control
Leisure
Emphasize on desires
Venezuela, Colombia, Trinidad, Sweden, New Zealand, Mexico, Ghana
Restraint
Pakistan, Egypt, Ukraine, Latvia, Albania, Belarus, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Iraq
More people are unhappy
More people feel they lack control of their lives
Little to no time to relax or have fun
Deaths from Cardiovascular Disease are higher than Indulgence
