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period 4 (1450-1750) (EUROPE in the early modern era (literacy expanded…

- - - - the reformation split europeans but greatly diversified christianity
  - - - end of the three field system (wheat, barley, fallow)
        
        "the conquest of fallow by new crops": used fallow fields to plant nitrogen rich crops, like turnips and alphafa, which builded up nutrigens, provided winter food for livestock.
        
        farmers could now have more animals in europe
        
        more meat, and more manure for fertilizer.
      - potato and corn take off in europe after 1700
  - - - decrease in birth rate was set off by decline of death rate.
  - - - kings used spies.
        
        aristocracy staged a major revolt again louis 14, the Fronde rebellions. they wouldn't lose power without a word.
        
        monarchy gained economic power with creating a more efficient tax system. nobles and clergy were exempt from taxes
        
        king louis 14 used monumental architecture to show power, versailles.
        
        invited thousands of nobles to live here, enticed with lavish living and parties...king can keep an eye on them
    - - moscow expanded under the mongol yoke; 1480 ended it, as russians refused to pay tribute,
      - the growing power of Russian monarchs or tsars--> Ivan the 3rd
        
        Moscow/Rome: the third rome, defender of orthodox christianity, so russian leaders are caesars.
        
        created a service nobility to challenge hereditary elite.
        
        ivan the terrible would move nobles to different lands; the nobles all became dependent of the tsars
        
        peter the great salaried the nobility; merit based system, automatic noble status at 8th rank, each rank has different privilege.
        
        rewarded nobility by giving them more power over peasants: serfdom is increased in russia; russian nobles had almost total power over serfs.
- - - - the same year, he was overthrown by the Manchus (Manchuria). The Manchus had been the Jurchen.
        
        many tribes descended by the Jurchen who took the North Song Dynasty. conquered Beijing in 1644
        
        founded the Qing dynasty.. the last chinese dynasty
        
        not a quick transition.... the Ming-Qing transition. millions died. middle of 1600s. very chaotic. They were not Han chinese, not ethnically same, different culture, different language
        
        made chinese men adopt the Manchu hair style (the shaven head with the long braid)
        
        banned manchu girls foot binding which essentially stopped intermarriage
        
        manchu established military garrisons in 18 of chinas major cities
        
        divided Beijing into Manchu city and Chinese city-- imperial and forbidden city in manchus only. walled and segregated
        
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        qing contest of the west: qing expanded to Taiwan, Tibet, and Xinjiang by 1760. expanded so much to the west.
        
        taiwan annexed 1683... the last ming hideout
        
        xinjiang or "new region", a mostly turkic muslim region. outer mongolia in this
        
        tibet: firmly in chinese control
        
        more than doubled the empire size. halted russian expansion
        
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  - - - naval expeditions of Zheng He (muslim) pushed from china to persia and africa, asserting China's presence. after he died, no more expeditions...
        
        ming china closes itself off in 1433 and starts building up the great wall, preoccupied by perceived mongol threats.
- - - - Portugal decides to go around the horn of arfiaca... prince henry the navigator pushes for trade...establishes trading posts on african coast don't colonize.
        
        barthomew dias: goes around cape of good hope, and into indian ocean. DeGama: expand christendom
        
        columbus wants to find a quicker way to asia...spain pays for this genoese man to go. nothing to do with the world being flat
        
        reached bahamas in 1492..tainos are inhabitants of caribbean... still thought he was in east indies. st domingo is the oldest european city in new world. tainos were enslaved and forced to mine.
        
        ferdinand magellan: tries to go all the way around the world but is killed by filipinos but his crew makes it... spain received philippines as colonies.
        
        spanish heard of aztec, emperor montezuma, wealth.
        
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        COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE:
        
        biological exchange of plants animals and diseases
        
        sugar, rice, wheat, horses pigs cows goats chickens horses to new world
        
        potatoes, corn, peanuts, chili peppers, sweet potato pumpkin, tomato chocolate
        
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        no native immunities to small pox, malaria, yellow fever (no immunities bc there were no large domesticated animals)
        
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  - - - defeated inca and aztecs in 15 years.
        
        spanish became super rich, used treasure fleets (galleons)and there were pirates in the carribbean.
- - - - samurai: warrior class who fought for daimyos
    - - Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified Japan again, and invaded Korea, and pushed a Chinese border, so they don't gain any land.
        
        tells 5 men to rule as regents until his infant son is grown up. but one disobeys
        
        TOKUGAWA IEYASU: became the new shogun in 1600 (began the Tokugawa shogunate)
        
        EDO (Tokyo) becomes capital of Japan under Tokugawa rule
        
        alternate attendance system: the daimyos were required to spend every other year in Edo; and the daimyos families were required to live in ego all the time. effectively hostage. endured for like 250 years. very effective in control.
        
        society: emperor-> shogun-> daimyo-> samurai-> peasants and artisans-> merchants (lowest bc the produce nothing of their own)
        
        all swords were taken from anyone who wasn't a samurai.
        
        Portugal added nagasaki to the trade route
        
        japansese borrowed gunpowder weapons from the portugese
        
        francis xaiver: catholic (jesuit) missionary to japan, saint
        
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