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Chapter 13:Urban Patterns (Key 1 (Public/Business Services in CBDs (The…

- - - - It's compact in that only 1% of the urban land area but contains a large % of consumer services.
      - It attracts services because of its accessibility- generally being in the center of the city so equidistant.
      - It's usually the oldest district because from colonial times, people move outward as the city grows.
      - Because of it being the oldest, it's generally near bodies of water for transportation. #
  - - - It's here to facilitate the general population.
    - - The closeness causes people of the same position to occupy the same neighborhood.
  - - - They used to be in the CBD, but they're now in suburban malls due to changing needs and being replaced with offices and residence.
      - Normally, they would occupy the intersection because it was the 100% corner which had more access to customers, but it was also highest rent.
      - They're usually department stores
    - - They have the same moving case as high threshold because their customers only needed to come once in a while, but they were originally in the city for widespread access.
    - - Because of the changing consumer patterns, supplies shops now thrive in the CBD because that's where all the employees and workers are.
  - - - The old manufacturing districts are moving downstream (suburbs) to modern facilities because the waterfronts they used to load and unload cargo are too shallow and narrow for modern ships. The waterfronts are more recreational, so they became tourist attraction.
    - - Push
        
        high rents
        
        bad environmental conditions from the smog of factories
      - Pull
        
        Suburbs offer larger homes with private yards and modern schools
      - 2 main groups attracted- empty nesters and younger people who don't have children. They aren't as worried about schools.
  - - - included garages, loading docks, cables and pipes. In colder region they may contain malls for protection from the cold.
    - - First ones were built in Chicago in 1880s, with the help of elevators, steel gliders, and glass structures
      - The lower floors are for retailers because of the customers, middle for businesses because of less walk-in trade, and the top is for residence because of quiet and panoramic views.
      - Needed zoning ordinances to control how high they went
      - the only city without skyscrapers is D.C.
- - - - E.W. Burgess in 1923
      - Models a city to go outward around a central area in concentric circles.
      - CBD where nonresidential activities are concentrated
        
        transition where there's industry with poorer housing around it generally for immigrants or guest workers.
        3.working class homes modest, older houses
        4.better residences newer and spacious, meant for middle class
        
        Commuters(ppl who travel outside their residential area for work) work in CBD but live in dormitory towns
    - - Homer Hoyt in 1939
      - Says cities expand as wedges instead of circles
        
        ex: Chicago; Because of Lake Michigan, high class housing trails along the lakes, making other sectors follow suit.
      - certain areas more attractive for various activities because of environment or even chance
        the high class housing district is in the center with the new and expensive houses outside of that
        industries and retailers usually appear near good transportation.
    - - C.D. Harris and E.L. Ullman
      - A complex structure that contains more than one center
      - Nodes: ports, neighborhood business center, universities, airports, and parks
        some activities are attracted to certain nodes while others are repelled
        ex: a university attracts students which attracts bookstores and pizzerias
        incompatible land uses avoid clustering in the same area
        ex: industry and high class housing don't appear near each other
  - - - Findings published annually, and summarized every decade.
      - 3 types of data:
        number of non-whites
        median income of all families
        the % of adults who finished high school
    - - When you combine all three models, you can find where someone clusters based on their income and age of house.
        
        In the inner city you have a closer proximity to shops, restaurants, cafes, and other leisure activities.
  - - - In the suburbs, there's longer commutes on public transportation, poorer shops and schools, and more violence and drugs.
        
        They also differ from American cities in that:
        they are less dominated by skyscrapers and instead churches and old palaces
        they have a legacy of low rise structures from medieval times and even preserve it
        More people live in the CBD so they have more consumer services, but 24 hour services are rare.
        they ban motor vehicles, which makes the pedestrian walk-ways popular
        It's more popular to renovate older buildings than to build new ones, but it's even more expensive, so the land value rises
    - - Sectors in European Cities
        
        Alot of wealthy people still live in the inner city because they have access to all these good shops and the fact they live in elegant homes.
      - Concentric Zones in European Cities
        
        Most of the suburbs are high rise and for poorer class. The government supports it to preserve the countryside.
        
        Wealth is vertical in that the wealthy are towards the bottom while the poor are higher.
    - - Sectors in Cities of Developing Countries
        
        Latin America City Model:
        Ernest Griffin and Lary Ford
        wealthy people push out from the center in elite residential
        wealthy and middle class would avoid dis amenity because they may be noisy, polluted or poor.
      - Concentric Zones in Cities of Developing Countries
        
        Squatter settlements are favelas
        
        They don't have many services because the people can't afford them. They don't have schools, paved roads, telephones, and sewers. They have to get water elsewhere, and latrines are determined by the leader. They may steal electricity, and they end up walking 1-2 hours for work.
        
        At first squatters just camp on the streets then they make the shelter and add to it. Finally they may add a tin roof and separate it into rooms. During severe weather, people go into stores for shelter.
        
        These squatter settlements are increasing in the urban centers because of more immigration from job opportunities.
      - Stages of Cities in Developing Countries
        
        European colonial policies left a heavy mark on their colonies.
        
        Pre-Colonial
        
        most people lived in rural settlements
        
        In Mexico, the pre-colonial city was called Tenochtitlan. The religious node of life was the Great temple. They used ancient inventions, like the aqueducts, to improve daily life and expand their empire.
        
        Colonial
        
        When Europeans came in, they expanded the cities to provide colonial services like military and administration or housing, but the remaining cities were either demolished or moved.
        
        Colonial Cities follow standardized plans which usually consisted of wider streets, public squares, larger houses with gardens, and lower density.
        
        When the Spanish conquered Tenochtitlan, they destroyed the city with its people, put a Catholic Church in place of the great temple, made grid patterned streets, centered around the Zocalo, and renamed it Mexico City
        
        Morocco has a precolonial city and a French settlement. The precolonial city had a central Mosque with business and marketplaces which was the CBD. Government and wealthy homes surrounded it with narrow winding streets leading to poorer areas.
        
        Post-Colonial Independence
        
        After independence, cities become the focal point for developing countries.
        
        In Mexico City, the emperor developed the city to look like the Latin American model.
- - - - Chauncey Harris
      - an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.
        
        around those roads are edge cities which is basically a residential area turned into city
      - Problems they lack:
        physical
        social
        economic
        Problems they have:
        sprawl
        segregatoin
    - - Legal Definition of a City
        
        a legal entity with fixed boundaries
        
        locally elected officials
        
        responsibility for providing essential services
        
        ability to raise tax
      - Urban Area
        
        a continuously built up area; consists of a dense core of census tracts, suburbs, and low density land that links the suburb to the city
        
        urbanized area is an urban area w/50,000+ ppl
        
        urban cluster has 2500-50000 ppl
        
        working with them is difficult because there aren't as many statistics about them, don't correspond to government boundaries, and the term has limited application because it doesn't reflect the full influence it has.
      - Metropolitan Statistical Area
        
        functional area (area of influence)
        
        Includes:
        urbanized area
        country where the city is located
        adj counties w/ high pop density and large % of residents working in central city county
        
        widely used bc it has lots of statistics but they're not perfect: some include extensive land that's not urban
        
        census also has micropolitan statistical areas includes an urbanized area of 10-50k, the county it's found, and adj counties tied to the city
  - - - Suburbanization of Consumer Services
      - Suburbanization of Business Services and Factories
  - - - controlling vehicles
    - - in the U.S.
      - Rapid Transit
      - in other countries