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CARDIAC/VASCULAR SURGERY (DIAGNOSTIC TESTS/RISK FACTORS (comorbidities…
CARDIAC/VASCULAR SURGERY
ETIOLOGY
depends on the patient history
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
significant pulmonary complications
diminished FRC
atelectasis
fluid imbalances
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
pain
secretion retention
pneumonia
hypoxemia
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS/RISK FACTORS
age
degree of cardiac dysfunction
low ejection fraction <40%
NYHA Class III or IV
prior cabg
valve disorder
prior MI
need for intra aortic balloon pump
comorbidities
COPD
CHF
diabetes
hypertension
cerebrovascular disease
renal impairment
obesity
smoking history
besides spirometry
measure FVC, slow vital capacity, IC
preoperative patient education
airway and ventilator management
bronchial hygiene/airway clearance