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International Affairs January 2018 (the US led liberal order: imperialism…

- - - - Karl Johann Kautsky (16 October 1854 – 17 October 1938) was a Czech-Austrian philosopher, journalist, and Marxist theoretician. Kautsky was recognized as among the most authoritative promulgators of Orthodox Marxism after the death of Friedrich Engels in 1895 until the outbreak of World War I in 1914.
        Following the war, Kautsky was an outspoken critic of the Bolshevik Revolution, engaging in polemics with Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky on the nature of the Soviet state.
      - Antonio Francesco Gramsci (Italian: [anˈtɔːnjo franˈtʃesko ˈɡramʃi], About this sound listen (help·info); 22 January 1891 – 27 April 1937) was an Italian Marxist philosopher and politician. He wrote on political theory, sociology and linguistics. He attempted to break from the economic determinism of traditional Marxist thought and so is considered a key neo-Marxist.[1] He was a founding member and one-time leader of the Communist Party of Italy and was imprisoned by Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime.
    - - Wilson internationally opposed the japanese suggestion to a racial equality clause in the charter of the fledgling league of nations. Domestically racially segregated the US federal government. -> Wilsons theory was practical, idealistic and ideological from the very beginning.
    - - it is still argued that this is still no empire because its hegemony is built on consent and bounded by law.
      - class race or gender are never mentioned in LIO
  - - - the us had an interest to open markets access to raw materials and the rehabilitation of much if not all of Eurasia along liberal capitalist lines. (Ikenberry)
    - - the Korean war and its division etc is highly instructive of the world order that the americans tried to build.
      - shortly after detonating two atomic bombs, the US divided the Korean peninsula on the 38th parallel, offering the Soviet union the northern sector and claiming the southern one for itself. The Soviet union chose not to take the entire peninsula despite american forces unreadiness to effect an occupation. the brought in the extreme right wing anti communist Syngman Rhee
      - syngman Rhee
        
        Syngman Rhee (Korean: 리승만, pronounced [ɾi.sɯŋ.man]; Lunisolar calendar March 26 , 1875 – July 19, 1965) was a South Korean politician, the first and the last Head of State of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, and President of South Korea from 1948 to 1960. His three-term presidency of South Korea (August 1948 to April 1960) was strongly affected by Cold War tensions on the Korean Peninsula.
        
        He led South Korea through the Korean War. His presidency ended in resignation following popular protests against a disputed election. Rhee was regarded as an anti-Communist and pro-capitalist dictator, and he ordered thousands of extrajudicial killings of communist supporters within South Korea. He died in exile in Honolulu, Hawaii.
      - popular uprisings in support of an independent unified Korean government led to massive repression even before the outbreak of the civil war. Violence preceding the outbreak of the war in June 1950 saw the deaths of 100000 people.
      - Korean War
        
        The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea[39][40] following a series of clashes along the border.[41][42] The United Nations, with the United States as the principal force, came to the aid of South Korea. China came to the aid of North Korea, and the Soviet Union also gave some assistance to the North.
        
        Korea was ruled by Imperial Japan from 1910 until the closing days of World War II. In August 1945, one day after the bombing of Nagasaki, the Soviet Union declared war on Imperial Japan, as a result of an agreement with the United States, and liberated Korea north of the 38th parallel. U.S. forces subsequently moved into the south. By 1948, as a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, Korea was split into two regions, with separate governments. Both claimed to be the legitimate government of all of Korea, and neither accepted the border as permanent. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces—supported by the Soviet Union and China—moved into the south on 25 June 1950.[43] On 27 June, the United Nations Security Council authorized the formation and dispatch of UN forces to Korea to repel what was recognized as a North Korean invasion.[44] Twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force, with the United States providing 88% of the UN's military personnel.
        
        After the first two months of war, South Korean and U.S. forces rapidly dispatched to Korea were on the point of defeat, forced back to a small area in the south known as the Pusan Perimeter. In September 1950, an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Incheon, and cut off many North Korean troops. Those who escaped envelopment and capture were forced back north. UN forces rapidly approached the Yalu River—the border with China—but in October 1950, mass Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war.[43] The surprise Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951.
        
        After these reversals of fortune, which saw Seoul change hands four times, the last two years of fighting became a war of attrition, with the front line close to the 38th parallel. The war in the air, however, was never a stalemate. North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign. Jet fighters confronted each other in air-to-air combat for the first time in history, and Soviet pilots covertly flew in defense of their communist allies.
        
        The fighting ended on 27 July 1953, when an armistice was signed. The agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone to separate North and South Korea, and allowed the return of prisoners. However, no peace treaty has been signed, and according to some sources the two Koreas are technically still at war.
      - war atrocities and attitudes
        
        US atrocities outnumbered those of the north koreans and chinese 6 to 1
        
        Reginald Thompson of the daily telegraph noted that that US marines considered the Koreans apes.
        
        North Korea was carpet bombed for three years with 635000 tons of bombs. Half the total dropped on Germany during the second world war.
        
        Truman and McArthur threatened to use atomic bombs from the very beginning of the war and McArthur suggested to drop 20 little nuclear bombs to create no mans land between south korea and china.
        
        after that the americans built a repressive state with a lot of economic ai etc after th truce in 1953 -> Rhee was overthrown by a popular rebellion in 1960
        
        by the 1980s the 1980s as popular unrest grew the strategy had shifted towards democracy promotion. the initial move in this direction beginning with the end of the Vietnam war.
      - after the Vietnam war
        
        up to the 1970s South Korea remained economically backward, outstripped by North Korea in terms of economic growth and living standards. The Vietnam war changed the equation significantly. South Korea received billions of dollars between 1965 and 1973 in return for the deployment of 300000 troops. It was the boost from war contracts and to consumer production for export that drove living standards. War played a crucial role int he making of modern South Korea.
        
        Brazinsky argues that despite its decades long support for an unpopular repressive regime, the United States would have preferred to build democracy had it not been for the cold war.
    - - integration
        
        joined the WTO in the 1990s
        
        there is a shared interest in cooperation with the West