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Psychoanalytic Therapies (Sigmund Freud
1856-1939 (most referenced figure…
Psychoanalytic Therapies
Sigmund Freud
1856-1939
- most referenced figure in psychiatry/psychotherapy
- Interpretationof Dreams (1899) often seen as starting point
- controversial in his writings on women, but supported them as professionals
- Born in Freiburg, Jewish family
- Moved to Leipzig and Vienna
- Studied philosophy and medicine - setteled on neurology
- 1885 studied under Charcot (hysteria and hypnosis) in Paris
- Met Breuer
- Attractedd professional disciples e.g. Jung
- Conflicts between followeres, splits (including Jung)
- Increasingly reliant on daughter Anna (because of his popularity)
- Cancer of the jaw (multiple operations)
- Moved to London (beginning of war)
- Asked doctor for easy death
Beginnings of Psycho Analysis (PA)
- Correspondence with Wilhelm Fliess 1897-1904
- Initially believed all trauma came from sexual abuse (seduction theory)
- Abandoned this in 1897, neurosis arose from longings and wishes of infantile sexual nature
- 1899 Interpretation of Derams - felt this was his most important contribution
- Extended - slips of the tongue and pen, humour
- Wasn't just interested in abnormal pathology (everyone having unconscious conflicts)
The Talking Cure
- Several days a week
- Free association being fundamental, rule of spontaneously verbalising whatever comes to mind - avoiding selective editing or suppression of what is thought to be unimportant, irrelevant, distressing and embarrassing
- Use of the couch (relaxing the patient, only hearing (not seeing) the therapist so they could free associate more openly, and use the therapist a a model of whoever they wanted to talk about - transference)
Common Themes
- Free Association
- Unconscious
- Anxiety
- Defences
- Drives
- Life and death instincts
- Self
- Id, ego and superego
- Transference and countertransference
- Oedipus complex
-
Historical Review
- Sigmuld Freud
- The Cathartic Model (expressing difficult emotions)
- Topographical Models (everything sitting in relation to other things - in the brain; preconscious, conscious; ucs
Structural Theory (1923)
ego, id, super-ego
- Ego
- rational, accepts external reality and negotiated between internal wished/needs and the demands of the external world, including other people.
- Mainly being conscious
- The ego obeys the reality principles and secondary process thinking; the id obeys the pleasure principles and primary thinking
- "Ego-function" develops as a baby moves from negotiating its own basic needs to recognising a world in which his/her needs must be negotiated within the context of others' needs, including that one's behaviour has consequences
- Ego-function refers to a person's capacity to think rationay, accept reality and manage anxiety
- Super-ego
- what we think of as conscience and is part conscious, part unconscious; based on important authority figures such as parents, teachers, can be helpful or punitive
- Id
- containing the instincts of sexuality and aggression; mainly unconscious
- Id used less now as idea of basic instincts seeking satisfaction has been replaced by more sophisticated ideas abouot how basic needs and feelings develop in the context of relationships (e.g. Lockwood)
Anna Freud
- Controversially analysed by her father
- Specialised in child analysis
- Influenced Freuds support of non-medical lay analysts
.
- Contemporary Freudians
- The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defences (1936) - book
- Hampstead War Nurseries - child therapy
- Drive theory but drives to object relations
- Disagreed with Klein re mental life of infants - more supportive techniques
- Child analysis (play)
- Relationship of baby to maternal body
- Conflict with Anna Freud - Controversial discussions
- Important death instinct
- Child "splits" experiences into good and bad aspects
- Paranoid Schizoid ("good and bad") vs. depressive position (both good and bad aspects), as part of early development --> moves from one to the other, as child gets older
- Increasing interest in psychosis
- concepts such as envy and primitive defences
.
- Problems: exclusive and early language alienating
-
John Bowlby
1907-1990
- Thought psychoanalysis should be a science
- Interested in research
- Emphasised environment
- Studied children sepatated from parents
- Attachment and Loss
- Internal working model
Attachment Relationships
- Failure to achieve secure attachment
- Impacts on optimal self development
- Failure of mentalization
- Internal working models which regulate and interpret others and the self
- Secure, avoidant, anxious, disorganized
.
- Parents attachment patterns have been shown to predict theri children's
- 65% of children said to be securely attached
- Approx. 80% of maltreated children said to develop disorganized ptterns
.
However: how does culture fit in