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Chapter 22 (The Aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars (The conservative,…

- - - - The European Balance of Power
        
        Agreeing to the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty (see Chapter 20), the allies were lenient toward France after Napoleon's abdication.
        The first Peace of Paris gave France the boundaries it possessed in 1792, which were larger than[hose of 1789, and France did nor have to pay any war reparations agreed to raise a number of formidable barriers against renewed French aggression.The Low Countries-- Belgium and Holland-e--were united undercharged Dutch monarchy capable of opposing France more effectively. Above all, Prussia received considerably more territory on France's eastern Borden as to stand as the "sentinel on the Rhine" against France. In these ways, the Quadruple Alliance combined leniency toward France with strong defensive measures.
        
        To Klemens von Metternich and Robert Castlereagh, the foreign ministers of Austria and Great Britain, respectively, as well as their French counterpart, Charles 'Talleyrand, the balance of power meant an international equilibrium of political and military forces that discourage aggression by any combination of or, worse, the domination of Europe by any single state.
        
        There was general agreement among the victors that
        of them should receive compensation in the form
        of territory for their successful struggle against the French.
        
        (States the Territory Gains of Each Place on Page 8)
        Fat old Louis XVllI was restored to his throne for a second time. France lost only a little territory, had ro pay an indemnity of 700 million francs, and had to support a large army of occupation for five years.
        
        The members of the Quadruple Alliance, however, did agree to meet periodically to discuss their common interests and to consider appropriate measures for the maintenance of peace in Europe. This agreement marked the beginning of the European "congress system,"
        
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- - - - liberalism demanded representative government as opposed to
        autocratic monarchy, and equality before the law as
        opposed to legally separate classes.
        
        The idea of liberty also meant specific individual freedoms: freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
        
        In Europe only France with Louis XVIII's Constitutional Charter and Great Britain with its Parliament and historic rights of English men and women had realized much of the liberal program in 1815. Even in those countries, liberalism had
        not fully succeeded.
        
        Opponents of liberalism especially criticized its economic principles, which called for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy. This philosophy was popularly known as the doctrine of laissez faire
        
        This form of liberalism is often called "classical" liberalism in the United States in order to distinguish it sharply from modern American liberalism, which usually favors more government programs to meet social needs and to regulate the economy.)
        
        Adam Smith posited the idea of a free economy in 1776 in opposition to mercantilism and its attempt to regulate trade.
        
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- - - - Romanticism was characterized by a belief in emotional
        exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.
        
        In Germany early romantics of the 1770s and 1780s called themselves the Sturmund Drang (storm and stress), and many romantic artists of the early nineteenth century lived lives of tremendous emotional intensity,
        
        Suicide, duels to the death, madness, and strange illnesses were nor uncommon among leading romantics, Romantic artists typically led bohemian lives, wearing their hair long and uncombed in preference to powdered wigs, and rejecting the materialism of refined society. Great individualists, the romantics believed the full development of one's unique human potential to be the supreme purpose in life.
        
        There was a break away from classicalism which was not interested in nature.
        In the words of the eighteenth-century English author
        Samnel Johnson, "A blade of gtass is always a blade of
        grass; men and women are my subjects of inquiry,"
        
        English landscape artist John Constable declared, "Nature is Spirit visible."
        
        Most romantics saw the growth of modern industry as an ugly, brutal attack on their beloved nature and on the human personality.
        
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- - - - The Greek Desired Independece
        
        At first, the Great Powers, particularly Metternich, were opposed to all revolution, even revolution against the Islamic Turks. They refused to back Ypsilanti and supported the Ottoman Empire.
        
        Writers and artists, moved by the romantic impulse, responded enthusiastically to the Greek. national struggle. The famous English romantic poet Lord Byron even joined the Greeks to fight "that Greece may yet be free."
        
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        Liberal Reform in Great Britain
        
        Eighteenth-century British society had been both flexible and remarkably stable. It was dominated by the landowning aristocracy, but that class was neither closed
        nor rigidly defined,
        
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- - - - They did not like the idea of a monarchy "The revolutionaries immediately set about drafting a constitution for France's Second Republic.
        Moreover,
        they wanted a truly popular and democratic republic
        so that the common people-the peasants, the artisans, and the unskilled workers-could participate in reforming society.
        
        In practice, building such a republic meant giving the right to vote to every adult male, and this was quickly done. Revolutionary compassion and sym-
        pathy for freedom were expressed in the freeing of all
        slaves in French colonies, the abolition of the death
        penalty, and the establishment of a ten-hour workday
        for Paris.
        
        Louis Blanc (see page 693), who along with a worker
        named Alben represented the republican socialists in
        the provisional government, pressed for recognition of
        a socialist right to work. Blanc asserted that permanent
        government-sponsored cooperative workshops should
        he established for workers.
        
        As the economic crisis
        worsened, the number enrolled in the workshops soared
        from] 0,000 in March 1'0 120,000 byJune, and another
        80,000 were trying unsuccessfully to join.
        
        While the workshops in Paris grew, the French masses
        went: to the election polls in late April.Voting in most
        cases for the first time, the people of France elected to the new Constituent Assembly
        
        Constituent Assemblyon May 15 and tried to proclaim a new revolution-
        arystate.
        
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