1.1 FOUR MAJOR RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES

Complementary

Internal factors

External factors

Biological

Cognitive

Physiological hardware

Mental processes

Brain and co

Genetic factors

Evolutionary factors

Nervous system

Impact on mental processes

Behavioral

Conditioning by environmental events

Observable behavior

Sociocultural

Other people and cultures

Cognitive types of learning

Mental processes

Classical (Pavlovian)

Operant

Hindsight bias