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TYPES OF ASSESSMENT (FORMATIVE (Definition (It is used at the beginning of…
TYPES OF ASSESSMENT
FORMATIVE
Definition
It is used at the beginning of
an instructional period and during the process of instruction . (Harmer, 2007)
Purpose
To check for
student understanding. (Harmer, 2007)
Advantages
- Students reflect on and monitor their own progress.
- The information gained guides teachers’ decisions in how to enhance teaching and learning
- Enables students to learn through the process of feedback and opportunities to practice and improve (Harmer, 2007)
Disadvantages
Feedback is done at a micro-level, thus it is time consuming. (Harmer, 2007)
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Examples
- Matching activities
- Closing circle
SUMMATIVE
Definition
It is used towards and at the
end of the instruction period. (Harmer, 2007)
Purpose
Teachers document the culmination of students’
learning achievements through tasks that invite students to demonstrate their mastery and knowledge of the course content. (Harmer, 2007)
Advantages
Provides teachers with information about how effective teaching strategies have
been, time needed for instruction and how to improve teaching for future students. (Harmer, 2007)
Disadvantages
- They only work if they contain items that are familiar to the students.
- They can provoke frustration in students
- They can demotivate students. (Harmer, 2007)
- Oral presentations of students' work.
- Mid-term baseline assessments.
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PERFORMANCE-BASED
Definition
Measures one or more specific course standards by being complex and process/product-oriented. (Hilliard, 2015)
Purpose
To measure students' ability to apply the skills and knowledge learned from a unit of study through challenging tasks in order to create a product or complete a process (Hilliard, 2015)
Advantages
- Students use high-order thinking skills
- The process to be determined is presented in most real-world situations. (Hilliard, 2015)
Disadvantages
- Discrepancies on how the assessments can be genuine among teachers. (Hilliard, 2015)
Examples
- Art projects.
- Oral presentations.
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HIGH STAKES
Definition
Gives a general picture of student's knowledge and ability. (Harmer, 2007)
Purpose
Students to reach to a higher education level. (Harmer, 2007)
Advantages
- To be admitted at a university.
- Get a job
- Graduate
- Obtain a certificate. (Harmer, 2007)
Disadvantages
- Profound backwash effect influencing the teaching and learning process. (Harmer, 2007)
- Teacher's reputation may depend on the results
- Theses tests do not measure progress. (Harmer, 2007)
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PORTFOLIO
Definition
It is used during a certain period of time (semester or term) allowing students to assemble a portfolio of their work during this time. (Harmer, 2007)
Purpose
Students can be then assessed through their best work during this period of time. (Harmer, 2007)
Advantages
- Helps students become more autonomous.
- Foster students’ reflection about their learning.
- Help self-monitor learning process. (Harmer, 2007)
Disadvantages
- Time consuming
- Teachers need to have clear training on how to choose items from the portfolio to evaluate.
- Students may leave the portfolio assessment until the end of the course. (Harmer, 2007)
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AUTHENTIC
Definition
The tasks and conditions are more closely aligned to what you would experience within employment. (Wilbert, 2013)
Purpose
To analyze student learning process so that is consistent with the areas of development outside of an academic environment.(Wilbert, 2013)
Advantages
- Students feel their work has a real value outside of the academic environment.
- Students are empowered and take responsibility of their own learning process.
- Task are completed as in real life situations. (Wilbert, 2013)
Disadvantages
It can fall into traditional testing or assessment (Wilbert, 2013)
Example
- Recognize one's name in written form.
- Write one's name.
- Climbing up playground equipment. (Notari-Syverson, 2004)
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SELF-ASSESSMENT
Definition
Students judge their own work to improve performance as they identify discrepancies between current and desired performance. (McMillan, 2008)
Purpose
Students identify their learning and performance strategies, provide feedback to themselves and determine the next steps or plans to enhance their performance.(McMillan, 2008)
Advantages
- Provides clear targets and criteria that can facilitate student self-assessment.
- Provide the knowledge needed for self-assessment.
- Identifies further learning targets and instructional strategies as well as corrective stages, so students can apply to improve achievement.
- Promotes instrinsic motivation. (McMillan, 2008)
Disadvantages
- Students may find difficult to determine the criteria to self-assess
- Increases teacher workload.
- If implemented incorrectly, it can affect students self-efficacy. (McMillan, 2008)
Examples
Students rate their performance on student planner by coloring happy face, passive face or sad face.
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PEER ASSESSMENT
Definition
Students provide feedback to other students on the quality of their
work. (Spiller, 2012)
Purpose
To provide either feedback or grades (or both), based on the criteria of excellence for a student's final product (Spiller, 2012)
Advantages
- Encourages collaborative learning.
- Engages in commenting others work. This can develop their own capacity for judgment and making intellectual choices.
- Students receiving feedback from their peers
can get a wider range of ideas about their
work to promote development and
improvement.
- Enhances the students‟ status in the
learning process. (Spiller, 2012)
Disadvantages
- It requires extra work from the students through the assessment.
- Sensitive students may feel uncomfortable getting feedback from their peers. (Spieller, 2012)
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DIAGNOSTIC
Purpose
To expose learner difficulties, gaps in knowledge and skills deficiencies during a course. (Harmer, 2007)
Definition
We know what the problems are and we can do something about it. It is used before teaching or when the problem arises. (Harmer, 2007)
Disadvantages
Misconceptions of the student's ability. (Harmer, 2007)
Examples
- Baseline Assessments: Individual test to assess the 7 areas of development (EYFS Framework)
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Advantages
- Allows the teacher to plan for differentiated instruction.
- Allows the teacher to identify where there are gaps and misconceptions. (Harmer, 2007)