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aesthetics: psychological theories (topics (stimulus information and…

- - - - words that occur more frequently are prefered
      - found higher production of a product in America is correlated with word preference of the name of the product
      - possible explanations for correlation
        
        occurrence leads to preference
        
        preference leads to occurence
      - Experiment 1 and 2
        
        12 "Turkish words" (nonsense), 12 Chinese characters, 6 frequencies; 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, task: guess if the word means same thing "good" or "bad"
        
        found: positive correlation between the frequency and how positive participants rated the meaning
      - Experiment 3
        
        12 faces, university graduates, 7 point scale on likeability, 6 frequencies: 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 25
        
        found: positive correlation between frequency and favorability of face
      - Experiment 4
        
        hyp: novel things are scary and therefore disliked, people prefer what they know (evolutionary), noel things induce negative arousal (skin conductance), preference should increase with decreasing arousal
        
        found: increasing skin conductance with decreasing arousal
    - - maintenance of artistic cannons through mere exposure
      - Caillebotte: impressionist collector
      - PP asked 2 AFC of Caillebotte chosen art vs art published frequently across 20th century
      - found frequency was the only predictor of preference
    - - boundary conditions of mere exposure
      - boredom is a limiting factor
      - preference reaches a limit
      - for the best results: brief, subliminal, heterogeneous presentations of 10-20 stimuli
  - - - The "new experimental aesthetics" Berlyne (1974)
        
        concentrates on formal/structural "collative stimulus properties; complexity, redundancy, ambiguity, familiarity (collate info)
        
        collative properties produce arousal: curve, simple familiar > simple novel > optimum > complex familiar > complex novel.
      - measuring collative properties
        
        information theory
        
        breaking information down into fundamental units or symbols
        
        measuring and comparing information mathematically in bits
        
        music: number of pitches, tone, durations, loudness levels
        
        visual art: number of lines, colours, sizes, compressed file size
        
        Dance: degrees of freedom, velocity of movement
      - Berlyne's psychobiological model. two factor model: combined effects of reward (familiarity) and aversion (boredom)
    - - likert scakes of polar opposites: evaluation (eg like/dislike), activity (eg simple/complex)
      - link concepts to a point in multidimensional semantic space
      - "Semantic differential can be used to measure opinions, attitudes and values on a psychometrically controlled scale"
      - Factor analysis
        
        correlation between scales within 1 out of evaluation, activity, and potency
        
        extract and rotate factors
        
        reliability across people
    - - aesthetic perception of sound sequencing
      - four rating scales
        
        simple vs complex: /
        
        uninteresting vs interesting: /
        
        displeasing vs pleasing: n
        
        ugly vs beautiful: n
    - - the influence of complexity on aesthetic judgement depends on the stimuli used
      - Exp 1: 5 polygons, pp prefered intermediate levels of complexity
      - Exp 2: 7 polygons with different turns but same range, pp prefered most complex polygons. size and complexity account for 14% of varience
      - perceived meaningfulness of polygons predicts aesthetic preference better than complexity
    - - "although a number of studies have verified Berlyne 's predicted maximum preference for intermediately complex stimuli, others have found that preference increased or decreased in relation to complexity"
      - results: three different forms of complexity (vision)
        
        organisation of elements: n
        
        asymmetry: n
        
        variety of elements: /
    - - number of elements
      - heterogeneity and irregularity of forms
      - pattern regularity
  - - - aesthetic pleasure (subjective)vs aesthetic value (objective)
      - the more fluently an object is processed, the more positive the aesthetic response (mere exposure link)
      - beauty "as a pleasurable subjective experience, that is directed toward an object and not mediated by intervening reasoning"
    - - perceptual fluency: ease of identifying a stimulus based on presentation duration figure-ground contrast, repetition etc
      - conceptual fluency: familiarity and similarity of meaning and concepts
    - - high fluency elicits positive effect because it signals...
        
        existence of appropriate knowledge strictures
        
        error free processing
        
        successful stimulus recognition
        
        a familiar, non harmful stimulus
      - Reber, et al., 1998
        
        Experiment 1: priming pictures
        
        Experiment 2: changes in figure ground contrast
        
        Experiment 3: duration of presentation
        
        all manipulations either increase or decrease fluency
        
        beauty = immediate and bottom-up
        
        perceptual priming: subliminal priming improves fluency eg naming rabbit
        
        conceptual priming: small significant effect (chicken vs windmill with rabbit)
        
        perceptual fluency and reaction times
        
        faster recognition correlates with greater liking
        
        small effect but significant
        
        perceptual fluency and figure ground contrast
        
        contrast (B&W) prefered (vs G&G)
        
        the longer the pictures were displayed the more they were liked
    - - objective fluency; priming, presentaation duration
      - subjective fluency: ratinggs of felt fluency
      - Foster et al 2013: felt fluency more important than objective fluency (predicted liking)
    - - combines different influences on aesthetic experience
        
        subjective prototypicality and memory
        
        individual differences such as familiarity, expertise and cultural background
        
        objective stimulus objects properties and how they are processed
        
        links to specific cognitive processes; perceptual vs conceptual fluency
        
        makes clear behavioural predictions; faster responses and easier recognition should positively correlate with aesthetic preference
      - BUT...
        
        only applies to mild pleasure and relatively neutral stimuli eg polygons
        
        context?
        
        processing fluency might be too crude a concept - circularity. perceptual vs conceptual fluency
  - - - arranged dots: square/diamond
      - classification speed predicts preferance
      - effects of prototypicality remains significant even if classification speed is factored out
      - EMG: electromyography
        
        a single presentation of a stimulus does not have a significant effect
        
        need robust prior exposure
        
        prototypical stimuli make you smile
  - - - Sensory - motor: sensation, perception, motor system
      - Emotion - valuation: reward emotion, wanting/liking
      - Knowledge - meaning: expertise, context, culture
    - - art making process
        
        initialisation
        
        expansion and adaption
        
        finalising
      - aesthetic experince
        
        early automatic processing
        
        intermediate memory based processing
        
        meaning-making, aesthetic judgements, aesthetic emotions