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Retina (from outer to inner layers (Inner nuclear layer (bipolar cells),…

- - - - outer segments embedded in pigment epithelium (site of deatached retina). Absorpts vit, A and glucose out of choroidal arteries
- - - - Pituitary adenoma :red_flag:
        
        begins as bitemporal superior quadrantanopia > bitemporal hemianopia
        
        compression from below
        
        inversion
        
        superior deficit
      - Craniopharyngioma
        
        bitemporal inferior quadrantanopia
        
        younger patients. compression to upper chiasm fibers
  - - - Middle cerebral artery occlusion
      - Posterior cerebral artery occlusion
    - - e.g. complete lesion of the L optic tract or LGB or visual radiations
        
        right contralateral homonymous hemianopia
        
        Distinguish them
        
        optic tract
        
        slightly suppressed light reflex - still contain fibers that must synapse in the pretectal area
        
        optic radiation
        
        absence of light reflex abnormalities
    - - Lesion > contralateral homonymous superior quadrantanopia "slice of pie defect in the contralateral sky"
      - ipsilateral temporal lobe tumor, isolated vascular insult on the MCA that supplies MLoop
    - - contralateral homonymous inferior quadrantanopia
    - - homonymous, contralateral, macular sparing
        
        PCA occlusion, Macula > also MCA blood supply
  - - - optic neuritis (40% of MS), central retinal artery occlusion
        
        anopia or hemianopia
      - ICA aneurysm (medially expanding)
        
        compresses II nerve outer (ipsilateral temporal) fibers in front of the chiasm
        
        Deficit: ipsilateral nasal hemianopia
- - - - Ganglion cell layer (Axons: 2nd neuron/optic nerve fibers)
        
        cross midline
        
        lateral geniculate body
        
        visual perception
        
        pretectal nuclei
        
        light reflex
        
        Hypothalamus
        
        Suprachiasmatic nucleus
        
        Circadian rhythm
  - - - optic nerve - medial side :explode:
        
        nasal retina fibers from each eye (60%) decussate (optic chiasm)
        
        40% (Temporal retina fibers) don't (optic tract)
        
        LGB in thalamus :explode:
        
        Meyer Loop
        
        primary visual cortex :explode: Lingual gyrus
        
        superior quadrants
        
        non-Meyer loop optic radiations
        
        primary visual cortex :explode: cuneate gyrus
        
        processes inferior quadrants of visual space