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Module 1 (Key Ethical Issues: (Compliance With Ethics- (2 Mechanisms for…
Module 1
Key Ethical Issues:
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Deceiving Subjects- mostly unethical, always better to say who you are
Voluntary Participation- voluntary part must be known, and no special treatment will result from participation
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Analysis and Reporting- publication bias to those that prove accurate, all negative finding must be reported
Do no harm- mainly psychological problems (research subjects, researchers (interviewees), third parties)
Legal Liability- 2 types of ethical problems (obstructing justice, may learn of crimes and not held accountable
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Compliance With Ethics-
Belmont Report- prescribed ethical principles for protecting human subjects (respect for person, beneficence, justice)
2 Mechanisms for Promoting Ethical Research- Codes of Profession Ethics, Institutional Review Boards
2 General Purposes- board members make judgements of risk to subjects, determine procedures for safeguarding
Informed Consent-requires that subject have the capacity to understand and comprehend the research, risks, side effects, benefits to subject, and procedures used
Special Populations- prisoners (can't be exposed to risk, no influence or coercion, no privileges), Juveniles (must have consent)
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Trouble in the Tearoom- Laud Humphreys (1975)- studied homosexual acts between strangers who meet in public restrooms in parks
"Watchqueen"- volunteering to be lookout
noted plate numbers of participants, tracked down names/addresses through police, conducted survey to obtain personal info at their homes
Stanford Prison Experiment- prison constructed in basement of psychology, 24 healthy/psychology normal subjects selected offered $15, asked to sign a contract that they would be confined, put under constant surveillance, have civil rights suspended
Milgram Obedience Study- when people would defy authority, but were told it was memory, teacher and learners chosen by rigged drawing, everyone felt like they were harming someone (psych issues), wanted to see how germans could sit back or take part in Holocaust
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The Research Process
Getting Started: choose topic, narrowing objective
Conceptualization: be clear on focus of study, specifics
Operationalization: how to measure your research phenomenon, how to measure deterrence
Two Realities
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Agreement Reality: things we consider real because we've been told they're real and everyone agrees (source of most of our knowledge)
Personal Human Inquiry- the ability or desire to for one's self using causal and probabilistic reasoning
We accept cause and effect, but recognize the effect is only probably