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Unit 7 (Module 35 (Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments (intuition…

- - - - babbling stage: (beginning at four months) the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
      - one-word stage: (age 1-2) a child speaks mostly in single words
      - two-word stage: (beginning of age 2) a child speaks mostly in 2-word statements
      - telegraphic speech: early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using nouns and verbs
      - NOAM CHOMSKY - all languages shares basic elements (universal grammar)
- - - - Intereference
        
        proactive interference: the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
        
        retroactive interference: the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of new information
      - Motivated Forgetting
        
        repression: in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
- - - - hippocampus: a temporal-lobe neural center located in the limbic system
      - frontal lobes
    - - cerebellum: store classically conditioned memories
      - basal ganglia: motor movement and help form procedural movements for skills
    - - flashbulb memories: a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
      - long-term potentiation (LTIP): an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation (ERIC KANDEL)
  - - - priming: the activation, often unconsciously of particular association in meory
      - context-dependent memory: putting self back in context where you experienced something can prime memory retrieval
      - mood congruent: the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one;s current good or bad mod
      - serial position effect: our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first items (primacy effect) in a list
- - - - 1) Expertise
      - 2) Imaginative thinking skills
      - 3) A venturesome personality
      - 4) Intrinsic motivation
      - 5) A creative environment
      - Boost Creativity: develop your expertise, allow time for incubation, set aside time for the mind to roam freely, and experience other cultures and ways of thinking
- - - - To remember any event: encoding, storage, and retrieval
      - parallel processing: the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously
      - RICHARD ATKINSON & RICHARD SHIFFRIN
        
        1) sensory memory: immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
        
        2) short-term memory: activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored/forgotten
        
        3) long-term memory: the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
      - ALAN BLADDELY
        
        working memory: a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing, of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information and of information retrieved from long-term memory
    - - explicit memories: the facts and experiences we can consciously know and declare (declarative memory)
      - effortful processing: encoding required attention and conscious effort
      - automatic processing: unconscious encoding of incidental information
      - implicit memories: retention interdependent of conscious recollection (non-declarative memories)
      - Automatic Processing and Implicit Memories
        
        procedural memory: automatic skills and classically conditioned associations
        
        space, time, and frequency
      - Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories
        
        iconic memory: a fleeting sensory memory of visual stimuli
        
        echoic memory: a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
        
        Effortfful Processing Strategies
        
        chunking: organizing items into familiar, meaningful units
        
        mnemonics: memory aids
        
        hierarchies
        
        Distributed Practice
        
        spacing effect: tendency for distributed study/practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study per practice
        
        testing effect: enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply rereading information
        
        Levels of Processing
        
        shallow processing: encoding on a basic level, structure and appearance of words
        
        deep processing: encoding semantically based on meaning of words