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Chapter 3 - The Nazi Rise to power and the end of the Weimar Republic…
Chapter 3 - The Nazi Rise to power and the end of the Weimar Republic
The early Nazi Party 1921 - 1923
During the 5 years after the war, several new parties emerged-communist and right wing uprising- DAP (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei) founded by Anton Drexler - right wing, nationalistic party which stressed the volkisch idea (the notion of a pure German Race)
September 1919 - Hitler attended a meeting and Hitler made a powerful speech - Drexler asked him to join the party
Increased membership- Volkischer Beobachter (People's observer)
Hitler became leader of the NSDAP in July 1921
Titled the Fuhrer (leader)
Believed he was answerable to nobody-Fuherprinzip (the leadership principle
The 25 Point programme
February 1920 - Hitler and Drexler made this programme
Hitler stuck to most of the points throughout his life
After a meeting in Munich, 'National Socialist' was added to the party's name
The Sturmabteilung (SA)
Stormtroopers
Brownshirts
Protection squads used to protect Nazi speakers
lead by Ernst Rohm
Used to disrupt meetings of the Social Democratic and Communist Parties
Early growth
Membership of the Nazi party grew from about 1,100 in June 1920 to about 55,000 in November 1923
Hitler's speeches contained increasing references to an Aryan race and firey comments about Jews
Jews were becoming the scapegoat for all Germany's problems
The Munich Putsch, 1923
Hitler was impressed by Benito Mussolini in Italy 1922 (leader of the National Fascist Party)
Reasons for the Putsch
Mussolini used his own private army (the Blackshirts) to seize power
von Kahr, von Lossow and von Seisser had never fully supported the Weimar Republic
Attack on Berlin was feasible if Hitler could win the support of these 3 men
Hitler's trial and imprisonment
Trial began in Feb 1924 - lasted almost 1 month
Hitler was arrested with Ludendorff
Trial gave Hitler nationwide publicity
Sympathetic judges allowed him to make long speeches - recorded in national newspapers
Denied charges of treason and insisted that he was simply attempting to restore Germany's weakness
Used the trial to put forward his political views
April 1st 1922 Hitler was found guilty of treason
Hitler sentenced to 5 years but only served 9 months - Ludendorff not charged
The Nazi Party 1924-1929
Whilst Hitler was in prison, the Nazi party was banned - relaunched in 1924 - After relaunch, Hitler began to take control
Alfred Rosenburg was the replacement leader
Hitler was able to persuade the President of Bavaria to to lift the ban on the Nazi party
Hitler pushed the idea of the Fuhrerprinzip
Bamberg conference 1926
Strasser was appointed Party Propaganda Leader and Goebbels was made Gauleiter of Berlin
Hitler couldn't guarantee that Rohm would follow his orders, forced Rohm to resign as leader of the SA
Ernst von Solomon was new leader of SA
Hitler created the SS (Schitzstaffel)
Hitler's leadership
1926 Hitler became 'Der Fuhrer'
1928 - point 17 was amended - privately owned land would be confiscated only if it was owned by a Jew
Farmers were experiencing economic problems - found Nazism attractive
Nazi party - 27,000 members in 1925
exceeded 100,000 by 1928
Nationwide party which had begun to attract all classes
Late 1920s - Hitler replaced Strasser with Goebbels
1928 elections - 12 seats in parliament having held 32 in 1924
Wallstreet Crash in 1929 lead to unemployment rise in Germany
Impact of the depression
Death of Stressemann in 1929 added to crisis
Bankers and financiers withdrew loans made under the Dawes Plan to Germany in 1924
Impact on the Weimar Government
Little agreement on how to tackle unemployment and poverty
March 1930 - Chancellor Bruning was replaced by Heinrich Bruning (centre party)
Bruning didn't have the majority in the Reichstag so he called a General Election
Nazis won 107 seats and became the 2nd biggest party
Bruning nicknamed the hunger chancellor
Resigned in May 1932 because he couldn't win support
Hitler became Chancellor in January 1933
The German Communist Party (KPD)
Nazi party popularity increase-fear-middle classes-possible communist takeover
Largest communist party, seen as the 'leading party' of the communist movement outside the Soviet Union
The year of the three chancellors