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Personal Rule and its failure, 1629-40 (Finance (Hampden's Case (John…
Personal Rule and its failure, 1629-40
Personal Rule, a period of eleven years when Charles I governed without parliament. It came to an end after events in Scotland forced Charles to recall parliament in 1640
Finance
Peace with France in 1629 and Spain in 1630 enabled him to reduce his major costs. King exploited traditional feudal dues, payments which the crown controlled and which did not need parliamentary approval
Monopolies were granted to individuals or groups of merchants who had exclusive rights to import a product and fix its price at a high level.
The key source of income for Charles was Ship Money. This was levied only on coastal counties for defence purposes, extended as a national tax
Ship Money proved very successful., Ship Money alone gave Charles an average of £200,000 making it less likely to recall parliament.
Hampden's Case
John Hampden challenged the legality of Ship Money and refused to pay the tax. The trial became a test case on the legality of Ship Money, upheld by 7 of the 12 judges hearing case.
Public opinion was alarmed by the verdict, confirmed that the king could raise taxation without parliamentary approval.
Religion
Continued to impose Arminianism through William Laud, appointed as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633.
Laudianism focused on the so-called 'beauty of holiness', through wearing of vestments and use of music, candles and altar cloths.
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Opposition
Those who opposed its imposition were a minority, predominantly the more radical Puritans whose strength of belief made some of them more inclined to protest
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Scotland
1673 Charles decided to impose Lauding Prayer Book on Presbyterian Scotland, without consulting the Scottish parliament
Widespread rioting broke out and in 1638 many nobles and clergy signed the National Covenant, swearing to resist all changed to the Scottish Kirk.
Bishops War, was inconclusive: the Scots were well organised and motivated, whereas Charle had insufficient funds to pay for his military campaign
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