Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Vocabulary SW Week 1 (Petitioning Government: the right to present…
Vocabulary SW Week 1
Petitioning Government: the right to present requests to the government without punishment or reprisal.
Right to Legal Counsel: a defendant has a right to have the assistance of counsel (i.e., lawyers), and if the defendant cannot afford a lawyer, requires that the government appoint one or pay the defendant's legal expenses.
Citizen: a legally recognized subject or national of a state or commonwealth, either native or naturalized.
Fourteenth Amendment:All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Naturalized Citizen: granted to a foreign citizen or national after he or she fulfills the requirements established by Congress in the Immigration and Nationality Act.
Naturalization Process: process by which U.S. citizenship is granted to a foreign citizen or national after he or she fulfills the requirements established by Congress in the Immigration and Nationality Act.
Alien:a foreigner, especially one who is not a naturalized citizen of the country where they are living.
-
Law of Blood: A citizenship law stating that all or nearly all persons born to citizens of a given state are themselves citizen of that state, regardless of where they were born.
Law of Soil: the principle that a person's nationality at birth is determined by the territory within which he or she was born.
-
Citizenship Test: one of the key criteria set forth by the IRS that a person must satisfy in order to be claimed as someone else's dependent.
Tax: a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions.
Jury Service: accrues from the constitutional right to be tried by a panel of one's peers and involves direct participation in the administration of justice.
Court Summons: a legal document issued by a court or by an administrative agency of government for various purposes.
-
Civic Participation: individual and collective actions designed to identify and address issues of public concern.
Civic Meetings: type of organization whose official goal is to improve neighborhoods through volunteer work by its members.
Public Good: a commodity or service that is provided without profit to all members of a society, either by the government or a private individual or organization.
Ex Post Facto Law: a law that makes illegal an act that was legal when committed, increases the penalties for an infraction after it has been committed, or changes the rules of evidence to make conviction easier.
Habeas Corpus: a writ requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court, especially to secure the person's release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention.
Bill of Attainder: an item of legislation (prohibited by the US Constitution) that inflicts attainder without judicial process.
-
Cruel and Unusual Punishments: includes torture, deliberately degrading punishment, or punishment that is too severe for the crime committed.
Double Jeopardy: includes torture, deliberately degrading punishment, or punishment that is too severe for the crime committed.
Due Process: fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement.
Equal Protection Under the Law: phrase in the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution requiring that states guarantee the same rights, privileges, and protections to all citizens.
Pleading the Fifth: colloquial term for invoking the right that allows witnesses to decline to answer questions where the answers might incriminate them, and generally without having to suffer a penalty for asserting the right.
Right to Bear Arms: the people's right to possess weapons (arms) for their own defense, as described in the philosophical and political writings of Aristotle, Cicero, John Locke, Machiavelli, the English Whigs and others.
Search and Seizure: procedure used in many civil law and common law legal systems by which police or other authorities and their agents, who, suspecting that a crime has been committed, commence a search of a person's property and confiscate any relevant evidence found in connection to the crime.
Suffrage: procedure used in many civil law and common law legal systems by which police or other authorities and their agents, who, suspecting that a crime has been committed, commence a search of a person's property and confiscate any relevant evidence found in connection to the crime.
Trial By Jury: a lawful proceeding in which a jury makes a decision or findings of fact, which then direct the actions of a judge.
Unenumerated Rights: legal rights inferred from other legal rights that are officiated in a retrievable form codified by law institutions, such as in written constitutions, but are not themselves expressly coded or enumerated among the explicit writ of the law.