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The Americas (Mayans (Agriculture and Trade Support Cities (The city-sates…

- - - - 250 - 900 a.d - Classic Period; they built cities like Tikal a major city center in Guatem[watah]mala which were ruled by a god-king and a center for religion and trade
        
        Had giant temples, pyramids, palaces, and cool carvings
        
        THEY EVEN HAD A FRIGGIN' GAME! COME ON THE MAYAN'S WERE AWESOME.
  - - - Religious practices: offered food, flowers, incense, blood, and pieced themselves (THEY EVEN HAD P I E R C I N G S I DON'T UNDERSTAND HOW YOU COULD HATE THESE GUYS!)
        Gave Human Sacrifices - they threw captives into a sinkhole called a cenote with gold and other things to honor gods ((The journey to El Dorado (That movie has some stuff in it and they actually did this too))
  - - - Believed time :clock11:: was a burden for the gods since they had to take care of it, so they developed a 260-day calendar with 20-day months; Another Calendar - 365-day calendar with 20-day months with a separate period of 5 days at the end; they are both linked from
      - Based their calendar on careful of the sun, planets and moon
      - They calculated a solar year (365.2440 days in a year only .0002 away from what is used today nerds....); Used a math system that included 0; used a base 20-system
      - Written Language Preserves History
        
        Developed the advanced writing system in ancient Americas they used glyphs to write historical records carved in stone or a bark paper book (codex) only 3 of them survived.
        
        Started to record things after the Spanish arrived; Created the Popol Vuh which states the story of creation
- - - - Settled in the Valley of Cuzco (Emperor's New Groove)
        
        Believed their king was from the sun god, Inti, who brought prosperity to the Incans
    - - Had a powerful military force, but only used it when necessary Before they attacked they asked their enemy to surrender. They were allowed to keep their customs, but had to be loyal to the Incas
  - - - Cuzco is the capital of the empire; they were master engineers and stonemasons; They didn't have iron tools or wheels
    - - Most of the gov't focus was on social and economics; They did very little trade.
      - The ayllu, or extended family group, did activities to big for a smaller family
        
        They made irrigation canals, stored food in case of famine, and cutting land fit for living
        
        Mita - a lobar tribute (work); It required citizens in good shape to work a certain number of days and in return they were given hospitality; The aged and disabled were cared to by the state. They also made sure they didn't starve during bad harvests. (They freeze-dried potatoes(chuno(with an accent mark))and stored in case of an emergency)
    - - The Incas were known for their amazing road system;It was 14,000 miles long and proved that they had amazing engineering skills; Along the way they built guesthouses for long travelers
        
        Runners or chasquis(SHAH•skeys) would deliver messages; It allowed easy movement for soldiers to attend to trouble.
    - - Didn't have a writing system; History and Literature were memorized pert of tradition;Though they created a accounting device called quipu the knots and position would mean a number different colors meant dif. catergories; Developed a calender one for night and day for religious purposes
  - - - Priests led sun worship services and assisted by young women called mamakuna meaning virgins of the sun; They were trained religious practices, teacher, weaver, spinners, and beer making for a lifetime
        yamacuna were men versions of mamacuna they were seen as gifts from the gods
    - - The temple of the sun was the most sacred temple it was decorated in gold which was referred to as the sweat of the sun
- - - - The first major civilization was Teotihuacán (TAY•oh•TEE•wah•KAHN; became the center of thriving trade because of it's poulation. The most valuable trade item was Obsidian or green and black volcanic glass; They magically disappeared because they were invaded or domestic policy
    - - Capital was Tula; built temples and pyramids were very warlike; They worshiped a war god who liked blood aand dead humans; A nnew leader, Topiltzen told them to worship a dif. god named Quetzalcoatl(keht•SAHL•koh•AHT•uhl) or Feathered serpent; they exiled him and his follwers because of it;
        
        The Aztecs arrived in 1200s; they adapted local ways and found jobs as soldier-to-hire for local rulers; They moved to a small island called Lake Texcoco and named their city Tenochtitlán(teh•NOCH•tee•TLAHN)
    - - They increased in strength and pop.; They united with two other city-states, Texcoco and Tlacopan to form a Triple Alliance; They gained control over neighboring regions; soon controlled 80,000 sq. mi.; based their power off of military tribute and what they gained out of it; They had loose control over the Empire; They demanded tribute in the form of gold, maize, cacao beans, corn, cotton, jade, etc. They destroyed rebellious villages
    - - Emperor - held the most power
        Military, gov't officials, and priests were the noble class - they owned estates and ruled over lords
        Merchants, Artisans, Soldiers and Farmers - did their own trade
        Enslaves people and Captives - laborers
  - - - Religious Practices
        
        They made sacrifices to gods and designed ceremonies with drama and and dances to honor them
      - Sacrifices to the sun god
        
        They believed they had to nourish the sun god, Huitzilopochtli. They practiced human sacrifice regularly and took it very serious; They sacrficed animals, enslaved people ffrom wars, criminals, and people offered as a tribute,
- - - - totems(TOH•tuhmz). The term refers to a natural object with which an individual, clan, or group identifies itself. It signifies the unity in the group. It defines the actions and relationships in a clan or family. Northwestern peoples displayed totem symbols on masks, boats, and huge poles set in front of their houses. Others used totem symbols in rituals or dances associated with important group events such as marriages, the naming of children, or the planting or harvesting of crops.
- - - - Potlatch - gathering used to express how wealthy a family is. Has food, drinks, and gifts for the community
  - - - Hohokam people used irrigation to grow corn, beans, squash
    - - Built cliff dwellings (Mesa Verde)
        
        Built pueblos later on; Largest pueblo (villages of large,apartment-style compounds made of stone and adobe, or sun-baked clay) was called Pueblo Bonita "Beautiful Village" with 600 rooms and 1000 people
        
        Around 1200, The pueblos were abandoned because of a drought; The descendants followed their many religious rituals; The Hopi and Zuni used kivas and traded with supplies that they had with Plains Indians, who had bison meat and hides.
        
        From the Plains Indians came Comanche, Kiowa, Apache
- - - - Led by priest who regulated farming activities :male-farmer::skin-tone-5:
        
        The northeastern tribes often rivaled with surrounding tribes for land. Some areas formed politically alliances Iroquois (IHR•uh•KWOY), a group of tribes speaking related languages living in the eastern Great Lakes region.
        
        Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca—formed the Iroquois League.