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Unit 3 Key Terms (Sickle Cell Disease (a severe hereditary form of anemia…
Unit 3 Key Terms
Sickle Cell Disease
a severe hereditary form of anemia in which a mutated form of hemoglobin distorts the red blood cells into a crescent shape at low oxygen levels. It is most common among those of African descent.
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Erythrocytes
a red blood cell that (in humans) is typically a biconcave disc without a nucleus. Erythrocytes contain the pigment hemoglobin, which imparts the red color to blood, and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues.
Leukocytes
a colorless cell that circulates in the blood and body fluids and is involved in counteracting foreign substances and disease; a white (blood) cell. There are several types, all amoeboid cells with a nucleus, including lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and macrophages.
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Anemia
a condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells or of hemoglobin in the blood, resulting in pallor and weariness.
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Protein Synthesis
the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins; it is balanced by the loss of cellular proteins via degradation or export.
Hemoglobin
a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates. Its molecule comprises four subunits, each containing an iron atom bound to a heme group.
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Nucleotides
a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.
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Messenger RNA
the form of RNA in which genetic information transcribed from DNA as a sequence of bases is transferred to a ribosome.
RNA
ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information.
Mutation
the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes.
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Hydrophilic
having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water.
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Ribosomes
a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins, found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins.
Meiosos
a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.
Gene
a distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome, the order of which determines the order of monomers in a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule which a cell (or virus) may synthesize.
Chromosomes
a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
Genetic Material
DNA is the hereditary material found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells (animal and plant) and the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells (bacteria) that determines the composition of the organism.
Homologous Chromosomes
chromosome pairs (one from each parent) that are similar in length, gene position, and centromere location
Hereditary
determined by genetic factors and therefore able to be passed on from parents to their offspring or descendants.
Mitosis
a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.
Allele
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
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Phenotype
the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
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Recessive
relating to or denoting heritable characteristics controlled by genes that are expressed in offspring only when inherited from both parents, i.e., when not masked by a dominant characteristic inherited from one parent.
Autosomal
relating to or denoting heritable characteristics controlled by genes that are expressed in offspring only when inherited from both parents, i.e., when not masked by a dominant characteristic inherited from one parent.
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Pedigrees
the recorded ancestry, especially upper-class ancestry, of a person or family.
Punnett Squares
The diagram is used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype.