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Unit 7 (Module 31 (Parallel processing: the processing of many aspects of…
Unit 7
Module 31
Parallel processing: the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode pf information processing for many function. Contrasts with step-by-step processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving
Sensory memory: the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
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Short-term memory: activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number, 867-5309, before the information stored is forgotten
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Long-term memory: the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiances
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Working memory: a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
Memory: the persistence of learning over time through the encoding of storage and retrieval of information
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Automatic processing: unconscious encoding of identical information, such as space, time and frequency, and well learned information
Iconic memory: a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli: a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that a few tenth of a second
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Testing effect: enhanced memory after retrieving, rather that simply rereading information
Echoic memory: a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, if attention is else where, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
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Chunking: organizing items into familiar, manageable units
Mnemonics: memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Spacing effect: the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice
Deep processing: encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention
Module 32
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Long-term potentiation: an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation.
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Basal ganglia: facilitates formation of our procedural memories for skills. Receives input but does not return the favor of sending information back
Relearning: a measure of memory that assess the amount of time saved when learning the material again
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Priming: the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
Hippocampus: a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
Mood-congruent memory: the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
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Module 35
Algorithim:a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem which contrasts with the usually speedier-but also more error-prone-use of heuristics
Heuristic: a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier, but also more error-prone than algorithims
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Confirmation Bias: a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
Mental Set:
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
Intuition:
an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
Representativeness Heuristic: judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
Availability Heuristic:
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind
Overconfidence: the tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements
Belief Perseverance: clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
Framing: the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements
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Module 33
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repression: in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.
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source amnesia: attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.
deja vu: the eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
Module 33
Repression: the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety, arousing thought, feelings and memories
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Source amnesia: attributing to the wrong source of an event we have experienced, heard about, read about or imagined. Source amnesia along with the misinformation effect are at the heart of many false memories
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Deja Vu: the eerie sense that "I have experienced this before". Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
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Module 34
Cognition: all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Concept: a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
Prototype: a mental image or best example of a category, which, when matching items to it, provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories
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