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Emerging forms of relationships and communication (Types of relationships,…
Emerging forms of relationships and communication
Twitter
data can be used to gain new insight into psychological processes behind break ups
3 psychological processes:
:<3: pre-relationship closeness being indicative of post-relationship closeness
:<3: "stonewalling" -> ignoring messages by partner indicates pending breakup
:<3: post-break-up depression
Garimella, Weber & Cin, 2014
Tinder and dating
one of the most popular dating apps worldwide
Craw 2014
Key use reasons:
● Love
● Casual Sex
● Ease of Communication
● Self-Worth Validation
● Thrill of Excitement
● Trendiness.
Love motivation was stronger than the casual sex motivation
men more likely to say casual sex or excitement
BUT: methodological issue: embarassement? double standard m/f engaging in casual sex
Sumter 2017
studies found that tinder has been cited as a
facilitator for infidelity
A study found that a significant number of participants had used or knew someone who used tinder to be unfaithful
suggesting: modern forms of communicating may have a negative impact on relationships
Van Ouytsel 2016
Sexting
def: the sending, receiving or forwarding of sexually explicit messages, images or photos to others through electronic means.
(Klettke, Hallford & Mellor, 2014)
sexting can have a positive impact on adolescents’ lives as an additional way of exploring their sexuality and sexual indentities through sending sexual images to others.
(Karaian & Van Meyl, 2015)
there was a significant association between sexting and sexual satisfaction.
(Stasko & Geller, 2015)
suggests: sexting can have a positive impact on sexual relationships and so may be an important factor in improving modern day relations
Revenge Porn:
revealing or sexually explicit images or videos of a person posted on the Internet, typically by a former sexual partner, without the consent of the subject and in order to cause them distress or embarrassment
2015 revenge porn became a crime
and punishable
Recently this month facebook revealed that it has developed an
anti-revenge porn system
that uses artificial intelligence to recognise and block certain images
Sulleyman 2017
Why engage in
casual sex
?
desire to
loose virginity
to a casual sex partner as a practice run before a romantic relationship
Grello 2006
factors influencing
the engagement in casual sex
Number of prior dating relationships, education status, substance use and perceptions of peer sexual behaviour
Lyons 2014
Influence of
alcohol
or substance use
Bersamin 2012, Grello 2006
Literature generally focuses on negative outcomes
:no_entry:
:no_entry: Associated with substance use and risky sexual behaviours
:no_entry: Higher risk for STIs and depression
:no_entry: Negatively associated with well-being
:no_entry: positively associated with psychological distress, depression, anxiety
Eisenberg et al 2009
No greater risk for harmful psychological outcomes than committed relationships
Social media and Dating apps
Facebook
Snapchat
Instagram
Twitter
Tinder
Bumble
Badoo
Happn
Social media:
:small_orange_diamond: users find out more about a potential partner
:small_orange_diamond: gives more channels of communication
:small_orange_diamond: allows individuals to express their relationships more openly to others
(Fox, Warber & Makstaller, 2013)
Facebook and Dating:
most used social media platform
plays a vital role in development and maintenance of adolescent relationships
Van Ouytsel 2016
Negative implications of eg facebook
facebook often brings out jealousy in relationships and often leads to partners carefully monitoring each other's usage of the site
(Muise, Christofides & Desmarais, 2009)
Gender difference on how relationships on social media are viewed. Jealous women monitor their partner the most, jealous men the least
Muise et al (2013)
Types of relationships
Serial monogamy
: exclusive for a period of time
Casual sex
Classical monogamy
: together forever
Recently, there has been an emergence of more casual sex relationships for young people, which is an umbrella term covering one-night stands/ hook-ups, friends with benefits and booty calls
Claxton & van Dulmen, 2013
One-night stands/ hook-ups
are sexual activities between strangers or acquaintances that are not planned ahead of time with no expectation for a committed relationship.
Friends with benefits
is sex between friends that occurs regularly without the romantic involvement of a committed relationship.
A
booty call
relationship is sex between two people that know each other where one person contacts the other person with the intention of engaging in sex within the near future, often within a couple of hours
(Wentland & Reissing, 2014)
.
Online dating
a very prevalent factor of modern relationships.
(Stephure, Boon, MacKinnon & Deveau, 2009)
-11% of American adults and 38% of those who are currently single have reported using an online dating site or mobile app
-23% reported that these have led to the formation of a relationship
-22% of 25-34 year olds and 17% of 35-44 year olds are online daters
-23% increase in online dating over 8 years
(Smith & Duggan, 2013)
Gender differences
Men appear to engage in more casual sex than women (men overreport women underreport)
Men stated impressing peers and increasing social status for engaging in casual sex
Women suggested interpersonal reasons (hope for a relationship, emotional support)
Perceived as riskier for women
some studies find No gender differences
Eisenberg 2009
:check:
:check: Higher self-esteem in intercourse hook-ups
:check: Non-romantic kissing hook-ups were related to lower depression
:check: Hook-ups were followed by higher life satisfaction
Fielder 2013
:check: Increased confidence in sexual behaviour and sense of sexual self
Owen 2013
Motivation is key
Non-autonomous motivation → low self-esteem, high depressive symptoms and anxiety-> negative outcomes
Autonomous motivation → positive sexual health and well-being
Sociosexually unrestricted individuals have higher well-being after engaging in casual sex
Friends with benefits
:heavy_check_mark: More positive psychological consequences than negative ones
Owen 2010
:heavy_check_mark: More connected to partner, willing to sacrifice more and spent less time looking for an alternative
Owen 2016
:heavy_check_mark: Sex common motivation for men, emotional reasons for women
:heavy_check_mark: men rather hope it stays the same, women rather want more or a basic friendship, both agree the friendship is more important than sex
Lehmiller et al 2010
Booty calls
booty call as an evolutionary mating strategie
men: low-investment; women: testing possible attractive mates for future
Jonason et al 2009
:peach: position between ONS (more emotional cuddling) and relationship (less romantic as it has a highly sexual nature)
:peach: motivation: sexual gratification
Jonason 2013
:peach: researched as part of casual sex -> assumed it leads to the same consequences as other casual sex activities
Fielder et al 2013