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PREJUDICE & DISCRIMINATION (FACTORS (Social categorisation; standards…
PREJUDICE & DISCRIMINATION
PREJUDICE
; Unfavourable attitude towards a social group & its members
GENOCIDE
; Deliberately exterminating an entire social group
Solutions
Self-esteem hypothesis
: higher self-esteem & better education
Contact hypothesis
: bring together members of different groups so they can learn to appreciate their common experiences and backgrounds
Cooperation hypothesis
: conflicting groups need to cooperate by laying aside their individual interests and learning to work together for shared goals
Legal hypothesis
: enforcing laws against discriminative behavior
DISCRIMINATION
; Unjust/prejudicial treatment of diff categories of people esp race, religion, sex
DEHUMANISATION
; Deprive of human qualities
FACTORS
Social categorisation
; standards against which category membership is needed
categorise people to understand social environment
organised by
prototypes
; cognitive representation of typical defining features of a category (mental image)
fuzzy
; less typical from family resemblance of a category
easier to categorise
Stereotypes
(consequence of categorisation); widely shared & simplified evaluative image of social groups & its members
Illusory correlation
; assumption that a relationship exists between two variables that are really not related
two separate variables are paired together, which leads to an overestimation of how often they co-occur
biased perception of the variables and a lack of information
Advs
saves cognitive effort
; simplifying the world, make quick judgements
maintain positive self esteem
; apply negative stereotypes onto others to re-affirm self worth
Frustration-Aggression hypotheses
; assumption that all frustration leads to aggression
unable to find root cause of frustration so
scapegoat
(those without power who are unfairly blamed) is found
aggressive towards scapegoat without any consequences
Criticisms
frustration not only variable that causes aggression
Authoritarian personality
; rigidly conform, submit without question to their superiors, reject those they consider to be inferiors, and express intolerant sexual and religious opinions
Ethnocentrism
; tendency to evaluate others' cultures by one's own cultural norms and values (stereotypical thinking)
Criticisms
underemphasise situational & sociocultural factors
CONSEQUENCES
Stigma
; attribute or characteristic that marks a person as different from others and that extensively discredits his or her identity
Visibility
inability to conceal=> visibly stigmatized
more likely to encounter avoidance and rejection from others
concealable stigma=> fear of being discredited, find ways to disclose stigma
have a harder time finding others like themselves to interact with= social isolation and lowered self-esteem
Controllability
bearer is thought to be responsible for acquiring the stigmatizing mark or when it is thought that the condition could be eliminated by the behavior of the bearer
eg of controllable stigmas: obesity, drug addiction
eg of
un
controllable stigmas: skin colour, race, physical disability
Self-fulfilling prophecy
; expectations & assumptions about a person influences interaction w that person & eventually change their behaviour in line with expectation
Rosenthal & Jacobson experiment
; expectancy effect
expectations of the outcome depends on labelling and self-belief
Criticisms
Labelling; negative effects on behaviour
Nature-Nurture issue on IQ scores; environmental experiences do not occur independently of inherited factors
eg: a student labelled as 'slow' the environment is not likely to offer as many "intellectually nurturing experiences", relative to someone labeled as "smart."
imaginary effects
Stereotype threat
; stigmatised individuals are aware of others' judgement & treat them stereotypically
Effects
Anxiety
Poorer performance