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PSYCH mind map (Classical Conditioning (Classical Conditioning Process…
PSYCH mind map
Classical Conditioning
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Acquisition
learning has occurred once the animals respond to the CS without the US
repeated pairings of CS and US yield a stronger CR
most effective conditioning:
present US first
introduce US while CS is still evident
Ineffective learning methods
trace conditioning
presentation of CS
short break
presentation of US
simultaneous conditioning
CS and US presented at same time
backward conditioning
presentation of US
presentation of CS
B.F. Skinner
Coined the term operant conditioning
Skinner box
has a way to deliver food to an animal and a lever to press or disk to peck in order to get the food
reinforcer- the food
reinforcement- the process of giving the food
anything that makes a behavior more likely to occur is a reinforcer
positive reinforcement
the addition of something pleasant
negative reinforcement
the removal of something unpleasant
escape learning
allows one to terminate an aversive stimulus
avoidance learning
enables one to avoid the aversive stimulus all together
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Reinforcement Schedules
Continuous reinforcement
rewarding the behavior each time
best when first teaching a new behavior
once behavior is learned, partial reinforcement schedules yield higher response rates
Partial-reinforcement effect
behaviors will be more resistant to extinction if the animal has not been reinforced continuously
Ways they differ
what determines when reinforcement is delivered
number of responses made- ratio schedule
the passage of time- interval schedule
the pattern of reinforcement
constant- fixed schedule
changing- variable schedule
Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule
provides reinforcement after a set number of responses
FR-5 schedule
subject will be rewarded after the fifth response
Fixed-interval (FI) schedule
requires that a set amount of time elapse before a response results in a reward
FI-3 minute schedule
rewards the first response that occurs after three minutes
Variable-interval (VI) schedule
varies the amount of time required to elapse before a response will result in reinforcement
VI-3 minute schedule
subject will be rewarded for the first response made after an average of three minutes
Variable schedules are more resistant to extinction than fixed schedules
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Operant Conditioning
Definition
Learning based on the association of consequences with one’s behavior
Edward Thorndike
Experiment
locked a cat in a puzzle cage
cat had to get out to get food
time required decreased over trials
concluded that the cat learned new behavior without mental activity
Law of effect
if the consequences of a behavior are pleasant:
the stimulus-response (S-R) connection will be strengthened
the likelihood of the behavior will increase
vice-versa
Instrumental learning
the consequence was instrumental in shaping future behaviors
Insight Learning
When one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem
Wolfgang Kohler’s Experiment
suspended a banana from the ceiling out of reach of a group of chimpanzees
room had many boxes
chimps spent most time running around in frustration
suddenly, they piled up the boxes, climbed up, and grabbed the banana
Extinction
The CS no longer elicits the CR
Achieved by presenting the CS without the US repeatedly
Spontaneous Recovery
After extinction, the CR briefly reappears upon presentation of the CS sometimes
Generalization
The tendency to respond to stimuli that is similar in some way to the CS
subjects can be trained to discriminate
John Watson and Rosalie Rayner
Conditioned Albert (a little boy) to fear a white rat
paired it with a loud noise → he cries
Albert generalized to other fluffy white things
Illustrates aversive conditioning
Higher-Order Conditioning
Second order conditioning
The CS acts as a US in order to condition a response to a new stimulus
Biology
We are biologically prepared to make certain connections more easily than others
learned taste aversions
pairing nausea with a new food
helpful for the survival of the species
Salient stimuli create a more powerful CR
Garcia and Koelling’s Experiment
illustrated that rats more easily make some connections than others
noise with shock
nausea with sweet water
adaptive
Punishment
Affecting behavior by using unpleasant consequences
Positive punishment
the addition of something unpleasant
Negative punishment
“omission training”
the removal of something pleasant
Punishment vs. Reinforcement
Punishment is most effective if:
delivered immediately after unwanted behavior
harsh
Harsh punishment may result in anger or fear
Shaping
rewarding approximations of the desired behavior
increases the likelihood and speed of the subject stumbling upon the desired behavior for the first time
Chaining
teaching subjects to perform a number of responses successively in order to get a reward
example
a rat named Barnabus who learned to run through a veritable obstacle course to get food
Discriminative stimulus
in discrimination, the special conditions under which the subject learns to perform the desired behavior
Primary reinforcers
are rewarding in and of themselves
food, water, rest
Secondary reinforcers
things we have learned to value
praise, the chance to play a video game
Money
a generalized reinforcer because it can be traded for almost anything
Token economy
a practical application of generalized reinforcers
used in prisons, mental institutions, schools
every time people perform a desired behavior, they are given a token
can be traded for any one of a variety of reinforcers
Premack principle
the reinforcing properties of something depend on the situation
whichever of two activities is preferred can be used to reinforce the other activity
Biology
Instinctive drift
the tendency for animals to forgo rewards to pursue their typical patterns of behavior
Animals won’t perform certain behaviors that go against their natural inclinations
Cognitive Learning
The Contigency Model of Classical Conditioning
The contiguity model
the Pavlovian model of classical conditioning
the more times two things are paired, the greater the learning that will occur
contiguity (togetherness)
determines the strength of the response
Contigency model
Robert Rescorla
a revised version of the Pavlovian model
takes into account more complex circumstances
rests upon a cognitive view of classical conditioning
Observational Learning (Modeling)
Albert Bandura
studying modeling helped him formulate social-learning theory
Species-specific
it only occurs between members of the same species
Basic components:
observation
imitation
a mental representation of the observed behavior must exist to enable imitation
Bobo doll experiment
children exposed to adults who modeled aggressive behavior against Bobo doll
children left alone with a bobo doll
they exhibited almost identical aggressive behavior
Bandura and Ross 1963
showed that children learn violent behavior through observation
Latent Learning
Becomes obvious only once a reinforcement is given for demonstrating it
Edward Tolman’s experiment
three groups of rats:
always got a reward for completing the maze
never got a reward
not rewarded during the first half of trials, rewarded in second half
group 3
during the first half their performance was very similar to the group that never got a reward
performance improved dramatically and suddenly once they began to be rewarded for finishing the maze
conclusion
the rats must have learned their way around the maze in the first half
performance did not improve because it had no reason to
dramatic improvement in second half resulted from latent learning
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