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Acids and Alkalis (Titration (Allow you to find out exactly how much acid…
Acids and Alkalis
Titration
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- Using a pipette and pipette filler, add some alkali (25cm3) to a concical flask along with two drops of indicator.
- Fill a burette with the acid. Measure from below eye level and from the bottom of the meniscus.
- Using the burette, add the acid to the alkali a bit at a time - giving the conical flask a swirl.
- The indicator changes colour when all the alkali has been neutralised.
- Record the volume of the acid used to neutralise the alkali. Repeat till concordant results.
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Acid, alklis and indicators
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Soluble salts
Solubility rules
Sodium, potassium and ammonium salts are soluble. Nitrates are soluble. Chlorides are soluble except silver chloride. Sulphates are soluble except barium and calcium sulphate. Carbonates are insoluble except sodium, potassium and ammonium carbonates.
You need to pick the right acid and an insoluble (ie metal oxides, metal carbonates, metal hydroxides) Copper nitrate = nitric acid + copper carbonate
Neutralisation
Add the metal oxide, carbonate, or hydroxide to the acid - the solid will dissolve in the aicd as it reacts. The solid will be in excess (sink to bottom) when the acid has been neutralised. You can filter out the excess base to get the salt solution. To get pure, solid crystals of the salt, evaporate the water off.
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Making insoluble salts
Precipitation reaction = the formation of an insoluble salt when two solutions containing soluble salts are combined.
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