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Chapter 6 (Learning: any relatively durable change in behavior or…
Chapter 6
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Classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning): a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
Conditioned stimulus (CS): a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response
Conditioned Response (CR): a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US): a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.
Unconditioned Response (UR): an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
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Spontaneous recovery: the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non exposure to the conditioned stimulus.
Stimulus Generalization: occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to a new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.
Stimulus Discrimination: occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in a different way to a new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.
Operant Conditioning: a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
Cumulative Recorder: creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a skinner box as a function of time.
Shaping: consists of the reinforcement of of closer and closer approximations of the desired response
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Secondary Reinforcers (conditioned reinforcers): events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.
Resistance to Extinction: when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcers has been terminated.
Positive Reinforcement: occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.
Negative Reinforcement: Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus.
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Avoidance Learning: an organism acquires a response that prevents some negative stimulation from occurring
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Observational Learning: Occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.
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In Pavlov's Experiment, the Unconditioned Stimulus = Food; Unconditioned Response = Salivation; Conditioned Stimulus = bell/noise(maybe); Conditioned Response = salivation (maybe)