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Ethnobotany (Food (flavor # # (examples (cloves (flower bud, Syzgium…

- - - - grains
        
        caryopses, grass fruit
        
        germ=embryo
        
        bran=seed coat+ fruit wall
        
        wheat
        
        ~9kya
        
        Triticum monococcum (einkorn)
        
        Triticum dicoccum (emmer)
        
        Triticum aestivum (modern wheat)
        
        Hordeum vulgare, barley
        
        beer, fermentation=+vitamins& sterile
        
        Oryza sativa, rice
        
        GMO: golden rice, VitA deficiency
        
        Zea mays, corn
        
        Avena sativa, oats
      - Solanum tuberosum, potatoes
        
        earliest crop species
        
        ~11kya
        
        easily propagated
        
        eaten w/little prep
        
        store simply & long-term
      - Ipomoea batatas, sweet potato
        
        orange=beta-carotene (VitA precursor)
        
        low glycemic index
      - Dioscorea sp., yam
      - Manihot esculenta, cassava (tapioca pudding)
      - sugar
        
        Saccharum officinale, sugar cane
        
        Beta vulgaris, sugar beet
        
        Acer sp., maple trees
        
        honey
  - - - Legumes, Fabaceae
    - - complete =20 amino acids
      - incomplete=low in >/=1 amino acid
      - complementary proteins
  - - - omega-3, alpha linolenic
      - omega-6, linoleic
    - - castor bean oil :cry:
  - - - VitC & E
        
        Rutaceae (citrus family)+Vit C
      - carotenoids (red, yellow pigments)
      - flavonoids (berries)
      - phenolic cmpds (tea/coffee)
  - - - spices
      - herbs
    - - terpenes, conifer needles & citrus fruits
      - phenols
      - alkaloids
    - - capsaicin, heat, hot peppers
        
        Scoville scale
        
        bell pepper=0 SHU
        
        hottest pepper known = Bhut Jolokia, 1million SHU
        
        jalapeno =2500-8000 SHU
        
        Capsicum annuum, Solanaceae
      - mint
        
        Lamiaceae
        
        mint, spearmint, peppermint, basil, sage, rosemary, oregano
        
        leaves used
      - savory
        
        Apiaceae
        
        anise, caraway, celery, coriander, cumin, dill, fennel
        
        fruits
      - mustard
        
        allyl isothiocyanate
        
        chemicals kept separate
        
        seeds
      - cinnamon
        
        bark of tree
        
        true cinnamon is Cinnamomum zeylanicum
        
        other Cinnamomum sp. (Lauraceae) called cassia
      - cloves
        
        flower bud
        
        Syzgium aromaticum (Myrtaceae) tree
        
        fragrant oil eugenol
        
        antimicrobial properties
      - black pepper
        
        Piper nigrum vine
        
        one of oldest spice ~4kya in India
        
        drupe fruit
        
        processed depending on type wanted
      - vanilla
        
        Vanilla planifolia, orchid
        
        lot of hand manipulation
      - chocolate
        
        Theobroma cacao, small tree
        
        seeds processed through fermentation
- - - - strychnine
      - disrupts chloride ions in nerve cells
    - - aconitine
      - interferes w/sodium metabolism in heart
    - - atropine
      - rapid heart beat, hallucinations, seizures & often death
  - - - coffee
        
        Coffea arabica
        
        Coffea canephora robusta (Rubiaceae)
      - marijuana
        
        Cannabis sativa (Cannabaceae)
        
        dioecious
        
        tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
      - tea
        
        Camellia sinensis (Theacae)
        
        phenols
      - cola
        
        originally seeds from Cola sp. tree
    - - tobacco
        
        nicotine
        
        Nicotiana tabacum
        
        Nicotiana rustica (Solanaceae)
      - opium
        
        Papaver somniferum
        
        ancient crop ~5kya
        
        latex from young fruit
        
        morphine & codeine
      - cocaine
        
        Erythoxylum coca
        
        Erythoxylum novogranatense
        
        cocaine-coke-crack
        
        amplifies dopamine neurotransmitter
  - - - salicylic acid
      - pain relief
    - - burn treatment
    - - ipecac syrup
      - induce vomit
    - - periwinkle
      - vinblastine & vincristine
      - anticancer drug
    - - mayapple
      - alkaloids
      - treat cancer
    - - quinine
      - kills malaria causing protozoans
      - gave rise to gin & tonics :smiley:
    - - digitoxin & digitalin
      - stabilize heartbeat at low doses
- - - - jute Corchorus sp. (Malvaceae)
        
        burlap
      - flax Linum usitatissimum
        
        linen
        
        early textile ~36kya
      - Ramie, Boehmeria nivea
        
        used to make netting
      - kenaf, Hibiscus cannabinus
      - hemp, Cannabis sativa
      - sisal, Agave sisalina
      - cotton
        
        trichomes on seed coat
        
        most important commercial plant fiber
      - paper
        
        several sp: pines, poplar, kenaf
        
        sulfate vs sulfite production method digest middle lamella
  - - - particleboard
      - plywood
      - oriented strand board
  - - - from plant cuticle
      - carnauba wax Copernicia prunifera,Brazilian palm
      - candelilla wax, Euphorbia antisyphilitica
    - - sticky, viscous liquid produced by trees
      - pine resin to turpentine
      - rosin=resin-terpenes
      - aroma
        
        frankincense Boswellia sacra (Burseraceae)
        
        myrrh Commiphora sp.
    - - tung oil, linseed oil, walnut oil
      - varnish=oil+resin