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What are the patterns and trends in crime? (PATTERNS AND TRENDS IN GLOBAL…
What are the patterns and trends in crime?
TYPICAL CRIMINAL
working class, male, young, most likely black
SOCIAL CLASS
OFFENDING
(Sutherland: high incidence in lower socio-economic class and low incidence upper socioeconomic class. Hard find data relate social class to offenders)
data link social class, young offenders disoragnised/chaotic upbringing
2002 social exclusion, grown up in care, poverty family member or convicted for crime
5% unemployed but 32% prison population
(William et al: Prison population run away home, experience violence drug/alcohol misuse in family, truant school, no qualifications)
WC look to for cimd, lower status, low money, low opportunity lack legitimate way gain materials (Consumer culture)
VICTIMINSATION
British Crime Survey, 2010-11 young households, lone parents and unemployed 2x like be burgled. Unemployed 2x victim violence
(Young: ‘myth of the equal victim; certain groups such as the poor are hit much harder than they become victims of. Same crime does not have same meaning or seriousness in all cases and discusses ‘meaning of a punch’ different context)
Poor more likely by 'multiple victimisation' vulnerability
GENDER
OFFENDING
Police recorded crime: males committee 80%, females 18% arrests, 25% convictions (2013).
Peak age girls 15 vs 18 boys (McRobbie)
2010-11 female offenders likely be on benefits before and after crime
Deprivation impact women criminality, different patterns: female treated leniently (discretion and chivalry thesis) or double deviance
VICTIMISATION
Historically women less, CSEW each year women decrease so are men. Type of crime differs
Men: violent, strange. Women: 2x reported victims non sexual partner, women 7x more likely reported victims sexual assault
Males 7/10 homocide victims by stranger. 1/2 of 3/10 females by partner.
Feminists:
issue domestic violence, female under represented in police statistics
(Hammer & Saunders: Unstructured interviews women in one streets in Leeds and found 20% of women been sexually assaulted not reported)
(Walklate: Repeat victimisation and reasons why women remain in abusive relationships, cannot leave, economic dependency, fear, self blame, child, no option)
AGE
OFFENDING
Police recorded figure young people more likely offend adults, 10-17 minority incidents, 23% police recorded crime. 2009-10 1/10
Males 10-17 responsible 20% vs women only 4%
Juvenile offenders more likely adult offenders too
Caution rather conviction, males 83% females 75%
(McVie: not so clear cut, looked at in groups of relation)
(Soothill et al: peak ages 16, drug and driving 21-25)
VICTIMISATION
Older more scaled but young more likely be victim
Islington Crime Survey (Young: Over 45 yrs have lower crime rates against them than young people. Age misses combination with other social factors such as gender and ethnicity. Impact likelihood becoming victim)
Jan 2009 CSEW ask kids 10-15 experience crime 12% kids victim, 56% violent crimes
PATTERNS AND TRENDS IN GLOBAL CONTEXT
Globalisation challenges notions of crime, focus nation and cultural definitions, global transcends national borders
Global Organised Crime
increase concern. 'cross border activities advance global interconnectedness' e.g.) drug trafficking, sex, kidnap, ID theft
Nature crime 'organised group' serious crimes, obtain indirectly financial/ material benefits.
Hard provide accurate estimates. 2009 United nations eat transnational organised crime $870b 6x worlds annual official development
Diversity groups and range activities, international cooperation, border issues, lack common definition, lack global attraction
(Castells: Organised crime groups as resembling business networkd take opportunity afforded by globalisation)
(Robertson: globalisation is intertwining of global and local, way in which local conditions impact of global phenomena