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SOCIAL INFLUENCE; Attitudes & behaviour influenced by real/implied…
SOCIAL INFLUENCE
; Attitudes & behaviour influenced by real/implied presence of other people
KEY ISSUES
Compliance
Superficial, public & transitory change in behaviour & expressed attitudes in response to request, coercion/group pressure
Do not reflect internal change, persists only while behaviour is under surveillance
Obedience
; compliance with commands given by an authority figure
FACTORS INFLUENCING OBEDIENCE
Immediacy of victim
obey easily when victim is unseen/unheard
Immediacy of authority figure
authority present in same room as participants & give instructions
Obedient/Disobedient peers
participants did not see others disobeying instructions
Level of authority
authority uniforms and prestigious institutions
REASONS WHY PEOPLE OBEY
Agentic state
people transfer personal responsibility to person giving orders
Socialisation
to respect authority
'Foot in the door'
(compliance technique)
agreeing to a small request increases the likelihood of agreeing to a second, larger request
Self-characteristics
Authoritarian personality
; blind allegiance to acknowledge authority figures
Low-status
; the poor would support the govt regardless of corruption,etc
Anxiety
Cultural norms
Conformity
; Private & enduring change in behaviour & attitude due to
group pressure
Informational
influence to accept info from others as evidence about reality (self is wrong, group is right)
Social norms
; attitudinal & behavioural uniformities that define group membership & differentiate between groups
shared beliefs about appropriate conduct & attitudes
to guide and direct their behavior, to provide order and predictability in social relationships and to make sense of and understanding of each other’s actions
Frame of reference
; range of possible behaviour
central position in reference are perceived to be more correct thus people adopt them
Tested using
autokinesis
(optical illusion in which a pinpoint of light shining in complete darkness appears to move about)
ambiguous object of judgement, participants were uncertain so a norm rose in guiding behaviour
participants heard each other & estimates become similar; norm is
internalised
Asch's experiment
,unambiguous stimulus, participants conform to avoid ridicule & group disapproval
Normative
influence to conform with positive expectations of others to avoid social disapproval (self believes group is wrong but went along)
conformity increases with more people agreeing on a subject
Power
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONFORMITY & OBEDIENCE
Obedience
within a
hierarchy
emphasis on
power
people's belief on authority rights
behaviour adopted is different from behaviour of authority figure
aware of compliance to obey
Conformity
regulates behaviour among equal status people
unanimity of majority
emphasis on
acceptance of group
behaviour adopted similar to peers
deny conformity is reason for behaviour
MINORITY INFLUENCE
small group changes the attitudes, beliefs and behaviours of a majority
Factors to influence the majority
Behavioural style
Consistency
; unchanging view & opinion
Confidence
in correctness of idea
Autonomy
act of unbiased and out of principle
Style of thinking
getting the majority to debate/argue about issues increases influence
Flexibility
require some degree of compromise & move towards majority position for greater effect
Identification
similarities between the minority and majority to influence majority as people are self-concerned with their own cause