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Attention and Power (Smith et al., 2008: experimental effects of power (E1…
Attention and Power
Smith et al., 2008: experimental effects of power
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E2: testing inhibition with a stroop task and found powerless worse tghan powerful for incongruent trails
E3: testing planning with the tower of Hanoi task found powerless worse than powerful for conflict trails
E4: testing goal neglect with stroop task and found powerless worse than powerful in majority conflict condition (instead of constant conflict condition)
control conditon allows to see whats causing the change in ability, powerful postion or powerless position
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Willis et al., 2011
manipulation of power: teamwork task roles (manager vs subordinate, legitimate vs illegitimate)
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found: powerful participants less vigilant and make better use of cues due to power increasing focus on cues
E1: match -to-sample colour, texture and size, found powerless faster than powerful (but not more accurate) at visual perceptual discrimination, so efficiency of discrimination was improved. this effect was more pronounced when the task as more difficult
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Vigilance/exploration
Warm et al., 2008: converging evidence shows vigilance requires hard mental work and is stressful
Aston-Jones et al., 1999
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examined activity of LC in monkeys performing visual discrimination task requiring focused attention
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Guinote 2007
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E2
stimulus response compatibility paradigm, upright vs inverted (eg mug)
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manipulation: leadership questionnaire, manager vs subordinate, checked by asking how in charge they felt
found powerless unable to ignore irrelevant information to task (grasping) so were more delayed in incompatible
E3:
congruent vs incongruent, local vs global letter task
global aspects elicit faster responses (eg faces), called global precedence, Young et al., 1987
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Wilkinson et al., 2010
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participants performed series of perceptual matching and search tasks (colour, texture, and size discrimination
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Linnell et al., 2014
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supports the idea that urbanisation impairs attentional selection and increases distraction (exploration
Weick et al., 2010
powerless more likely to bisect horizontal lines to the left of center, and bump into the right-hand (as opposed to the left-hand) side when walking through a narrow passage.
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socio-economic status
power literature focuses on temporary states based on reliving past experience which assumes everyone moves between states of powerful and powerless
Urache et al., 2015: found xperience of power may be limited by SES, leading to impaired EF, self-regulation and attainment
Guinote and Vesco (2010) power definition: "at the individual level having power facilitates, whereas lacking power decreases the ability to secure desired resources and outcomes