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Epistemology (Definitions (Intellectual Virtues (Intellectual virtues are…

- - - - Empiricists claim that all knowledge starts by acquaintance
  - - - knowing that something is the case, this can be expressed in language (unlike the other two) and knowledge assertions are called propositions.
  - - - This involves the capacity to perform a task, but does not need to include an understanding of how to do it, ie: how to swim. Sometimes this ‘know-how’ depends upon another form of knowledge ie:
        
        I know how to speak English - relies on fact.
- - - - Justification:
        
        A Juror thinks the defendant is guilty, because of the way he’s dressed.
        He is guilty.
        Did she know this?
        
        No, there is no causal connection between whether one is guilty of a crime and the way they’re dressed. Therefore, Justification is key into determining the difference between a lucky guess, and knowledge.
      - Truth
        
        Conspiracy theories are an example where we have belief and some justification. Ie: Moon landing was faked because flag wavered.
        
        A birdwatcher thinks that flamingos are pink because she has studied them for years. But flamingos do not exist in reality.
        
        .If there is no reality, then all of our knowledge of the external world appears false. However, we can have knowledge of how things seem (it seems that flamingos are pink) A priori truths are truths like maths.
      - Belief
        
        A student in a philosophy exam is asked - “Who wrote the meditations?”
        She’s not sure, she doesn’t think it’s Descartes, but writes it anyway because she remembers the name being mentioned in class.
        It was descartes
        
        Two responses
        
        It wasn’t knowledge - it was just a lucky guess
        
        The student knew it was descartes, but just doubted herself.
    - - Colin is dating simone
        He drunkenly kisses Fiona, but nobody finds out about
        Nigel is jealous of Colin & Simone, so he invents a rumour stating Colin kissed Fiona.
        Lots of people hear the rumour, and tell simone
        Does simone Know that Colin kissed Fiona.
        
        No, therefore more conditions past JTB are required to find knowledge
    - - The argument Gettier is trying to refute is that justification, truth and belief sufficient for knowledge. The two important points about that argument is that we can have justification for false belief and that we can infer knowledge from other knowledge.
        
        Gettier Cases
        
        Jake and Joe go for a job
        
        Jake and Joe have applied for a job.
        Jake has strong evidence that Joe will get the job.
        Jakes evidence might be that the CEO has assured him as such.
        Jake checks joes pockets, and sees he has a tenner in his pocket.
        As such, Jake has fair justification and evidence that Joe will get the job.
        Therefore: the man with the tenner in his pocket will get the job (Jakes Statement)
        Jake is clearly justified for having the beliefs outlined in his statement.
        Jake gets the job, and checks his pockets to see he too has a tenner.
        Jakes statement therefore was true, but the information his statement was deduced from was false.
        Jake is justified for believing his statement is true, but Jake does not Know that his statement is true. Because he didn’t know he was going to get the job, nor did he know that he had a tenner is his pocket. Ergo: he did not know.
  - - - A lemma is a proposition which is assumed to be true and used to support other propositions.
      - S knows P iff
        a) P is true
        b) S believes P
        c) P is justified
        D) S did not infer P from false beliefs.
        Ie: K = JTB+N - where N = no false lemmas).
    - - JTB + Infallibility. Beliefs that cannot be doubted as they cannot be wrong.
      - What can we be certain of?
        
        Mathematical Propositions (1+1=2)
        
        Analysis that are true by definition, a cat is an animal, unicorns have one horn.
        
        Introspection, the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes. - I am in pain; I seem to be reading this sentence.
      - Evaluation
        
        Stricter definition of knowledge, so, all above cases are Not knowledge.
        Problem is that it leaves us with very little knowledge
    - - you know p iff:
        
        P is true
        
        You believe P; and
        
        Your belief is caused by a reliable cognitive process
        
        A RCP is just one that produces a high percentage of true beliefs
        Eg: Perception, memory, and testimony.
      - Reliabilism is a theory of knowledge which states one knows something iff it is true belief, determined through a reliable cognitive process. A reliable cognitive process is one which produces a high percentage of true beliefs, eg: A textbook. Reliabilism is an attempt to improve on the JTB theory by overcoming gettier cases by replacing the justification condition with a reliable process, eg if you knew you were in fake barn county, seeing a barn and assuming it was real would not be a RCB
      - Evaluation
        
        Reliabilism improves upon the justification condition and allows for more knowledge but fails many gettier cases.
    - - Intellectual virtues are intellectual skills, abilities or traits that contribute to getting the truth, ie: critical thinking; rationality; impartiality; observant; honesty; Tenacity; Open minded; intellectual carefulness/ thorough
      - You believe P;
        And your belief is the result of an act of intellectual virtue.
        Acts of virtue must be successful - if you fail you’re not virtuous. A successful act of intellectual virtue is one that leads to truth.