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SOCIAL COGNITION: how people process, store, and apply information about…

- - - - personality
      - motives
      - beliefs
  - - - environmental factors
  - - - Model that characterises people as using rational,scientific-like cause-effect analyses to understand their world
      - Principles
        
        Behaviour is motivated rather than random; people's need to discover motives
        
        Construct causal theories to predict & control the environment
        
        Distinguish between personal factors and external factors
    - - Causal attribution of behaviour to underlying dispositions
        
        predict a person's future behaviour
      - Cues/Methods
        
        Choice
        
        act was freely chosen due to internal factors
        
        Accidental vs Intentional
        
        intentional=personality; accidental=external causes
        
        Social desirability
        
        low(non-conforming)=internal inferences
        
        Hedonistic relevance
        
        if the other person’s behavior appears to be directly intended to benefit or harm us
        
        Personalism
        
        if the other person’s behavior appears to be intended to have an impact on us, we assume that it is “personal”
      - LIMITATIONS
        
        depends greatly on attribution of intentionality yet unintentional behaviour can be strong basis for correspondent influence
        
        people assess commonality of effects by comparing chosen/non-chosen actions & ignore non-occurring behaviours
    - - Attribution of behaviour due to internal/external factors using 3 classes of information
        
        Consistency
        
        extent to which behaviour Y always occurs with stimulus X
        
        Distinctiveness
        
        whether a person's reaction occurs only with one stimulus or many stimuli
        
        Consensus
        
        extent to which other people react in the same way to stimulus X
        
        Consistency: Low => Discounted in favour of other causes
        
        All 3 HIGH => External attribution
        
        Consistency:High;Distinctiveness:Low;Consensus:Low => Internal attribution
      - LIMITATIONS
        
        people don't do the test on normal course of events
        
        model suggests making multiple observations but people judge the first time
        
        evidence that people are poor at assessing covariation different events
- - - - people overlook information and prefer dispositional causes
      - culture & upbringing influence how much people are affected by biases
  - - - Perceptual focus
        
        we cannot see ourselves behaving so actor & observer has different perspectives on the behaviour - observer only focus on situation
      - Informational differences
        
        we have more info about ourselves but limited info about others (easier to make situational attributions for ourselves)
  - - - attribute internally and take credit for their success
    - - attribute externally and deny responsibility for their failures
    - - Belief in a just world
        
        good things happen to good people while bad things happen to bad people