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THE SELF: Sense of personal identity and who we are as individuals…
THE SELF: Sense of personal identity and who we are as individuals
Self-knowledge
Self-concept
knowledge representations of ourselves; beliefs about physical traits, physical characteristics, values, goals.
Self-schemas
different cognitive aspects of self
Schematic; important to self
dimensions for which we think of oneself as extreme, and on dimensions, on which we are certain that the opposite does not hold
Aschematic; not important to self
oneself not concerned with a particular attribute
Self-awareness
Public self
(others can see & evaluate)
oriented to presenting oneself to others in a positive light
Self conscious; very aware in social situations
short-comings
loss of self esteem
Private self
(others cannot directly observe)
behaviour aimed at matching internalised standards
more intense emotions and accuracy about oneself
too much leads to anxiety & depression
too little leads to impulsive behaviours which upset others & defy social standards
MIRROR TEST
some animals (orang utan, chimps, whale) understood they were looking at themselves in the mirror and not another animal.
children under 18mo no sense of self-awareness
Development
FREUD'S PSYCHODYNAMIC SELF
Id
Selfish libinal impulses; basic needs that are not met makes a person tense/anxous
Ego
Dealing id with socially acceptable way; being selfish is not good in long run
Superego
Repressing Id; superego’s reason based on moral values, while the ego’s decision is based more on what others will think or what the consequences of an action could be.
BEM'S SELF PERCEPTION THEORY
a person’s personality and attitudes drive their actions; "we are what we do"
FESTINGER SOCIAL COMPARISON THEORY
Comparing our behaviours & opinions with others to establish 'correct' way of thinking
Upward comparison
highly motivated person compares oneself with others who are better; assumption of being equal to the 'best person'
Downward comparison/bias thinking
comparing with someone similar or worst off
TESSER'S SELF EVALUATION MODEL
People constrained to make esteem-damaging upward comparison
deny similarities to target 2. withdraw from their relationship with target
TURNER'S SELF-CATEGORISATION THEORY
when individuals identify closely with a social collective & internalise its attributes
CIALDINI'S BIRGing
Basking In Reflected Glory
linking oneself with desired people/group to improve people's impression onto oneself
"WE WON'"
"THEY LOST"
TYPES OF SELF
BREWER & GARDNER
individual self
personal traits differentiated from others
Relational self
close rship linked to others
Collective self
group membership that differentiates 'us' and 'them'
SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY
social
self in group memberships
personal
unique attributes of self in personal rships and traits
MULTIPLE SELVES
depends on which group a person is in
restrict amount of groups
blame the situation
believe core parts of self do not change
CHANGING THE SELF
SELF REGULATION;
Strategies used to match behaviour to an ideal standard
HIGGIN'S SELF DISCREPANCY THEORY
Actual self
current
Ideal self
goal
Ought self
should
SELF MOTIVES
SELF-ASSESSMENT for validity
seek new infos about ourselves
SELF-VERIFICATION for consistency
verifying what we know about ourselves
SELF-ENHANCEMENT for favourability
developing better image for ourselves
SELF ESTEEM
; feelings & evaluation of oneself
HIGH
Persistent, resilient facing failure
React positively, happy life
self-enhancement motivational orientation
emotionally stable
LOW
vulnerable to impact of everyday events
mood swings and react negatively
self-protective motivational orientation
inconsistent, unstable self-concept
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
INDIVIUALISTIC
independent
autonomous individual
focus on personal traits
true to beliefs & internal feelings
COLLECTIVE
interdependent
connected to others
focus on relationships & roles
aims to belong