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Tectonics - Content (Earthquake Hazards (Landslides (A collapse of a mass…

- - - - Stage 2. Absorb losses
      - Stage 3. Accept or share losses
      - Stage 1. Do nothing; accept occurrence of hazards
    - - Stage 4. Search for effect adjustment
      - Stage 5. Change use or move locations
  - - - Limited access
      - Political/economic ideology
    - - Lack of skills, training, investment, ethical standards
      - Rapid pop change, urbanisation, deforestation, arms expenditure, debt repayment
    - - Dangerous area, unprotected buildings, poor economy, livelihoods at risk
      - Lack of local institutions, lack of disaster preparedness
- - - - A piece of the Earth's crust resting on the mantle, either continental or oceanic, move due to convection currents
        
        Oceanic - Heavier than continental, can be renewed or destoyed
        
        Continental - Lighter than oceanic, cannot be renewed or destroyed
  - - - Convection currents - heat rises from the asthenosphere to the lithosphere in a circular motion, as heat rises, and falls when cools, and the magma is heated by the core
- - - - Sea is expanding between two continents, showing drift of tectonic plates is occuring
  - - - Rock layers found with a different magnetism to original rock, stripes do not match up with the polarity of the area, suggesting they have moved, showing continental drift has occurred
  - - - Rocks displaying same age, type and formation in Brazil and South Africa
      - Similar mountains in NW Europe and E USA
      - Similar glacial deposits in Antarctica, S America and India
      - Striations show same orientations when the continents are reunited e.g. Brazil and W Africa, shapes of continents fit like a puzzle. Bacon first to spot pattern, Wegener provided more evidence
    - - Either side of Atlantic similar fossil formations of the Mesosaurus are found, should only be in S America and S Africa
      - Plant remains from humid swamps forming coal deposits found in India and Antarctica
      - Marsupials (incompletely developed mammals) found in Australia only because it had drifted away from main supercontinent before marsupials wiped out
    - - Brazil and W Africa glacial striations match
      - Glacial deposits in India, S America (Vaal Valley) similar
      - Antarctica, NA and UK contain coal deposits of similar age, formed in tropical conditions, suggests they shared same climate, indicating they drifted after carboniferous period where there were large swamp forests
- - - - Seismographs - seismometer records vibrations. Must be able to move with vibrations, but part of it must stay almost staionary
    - - Richter
        
        Measures magnitude
        
        Ranges from 0-10, logarithmic so each point is 10x more powerful than the one before
        
        Accurate as a machine is used
        
        Provides no information about human damage
      - Mercalli
        
        Allows to meaure human damage and predict/plan aid
        
        Measures damage caused
        
        Goes from I-XII, I being only felt by seismograph and XII being catastrophic
        
        Seen as inaccurate, damage is a judgement and is subjective
- - - - Something caused by tectonic activity with no social or economic risk
    - - When tectonic acitivty leads to the potential for social/economic dmaage
    - - When tectonic activity causes damage to people or the economy
  - - - Enormous
      - Small
    - - Rapid
      - Slow
    - - Long
      - Short
    - - Wdespread
      - Limited
    - - Random
      - Predictable
    - - Frequency
      - Rare