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Excretion (Liver Function (Metabolic Functions (Synthesis of bile, plasma…

- - - - 2RCH(NH2)COOH + O2 --> 2RC(O)COOH + 2NH3
      - (2) amino acid + oxygen --> (2) keto acid + (2) ammonia
      - Keto acid can be used in respiration to release energy or stored as a carbohydrate or fat
    - - Orange Ants Can Count Apples And Umbrellas
      - 2NH3 + O2 --> CO(NH2)2 + H2O
      - Ornithine (an amino acid) combines with carbon dioxide and ammonia, producing water and citrulline.
      - Citrulline combines with ammonia and produces water and arginine
      - Water is added and splits arginine up into urea and ornithine
  - - - These reactions are catalysed by ethanol dehydrogenase and ethanal dehydrogenase
      - During the break down of ethanol and ethanal, 2H ions are released in each reaction, combining with NAD to produce reduced NAD
      - NAD is required to break down fatty acids, with less NAD available, fatty acids are converted to lipids and stored in the hepatocytes, enlarging the liver (fatty liver)
      - ethanol --> ethanal --> ethanoate --> acetyl coemzyme A (used in respiration)
- - - - Directly involved in excretion
      - Breaks down amino acids by deamination, combining the N-containing part with carbon dioxide to make urea
      - Nitrogenous Compounds
        
        The body cannot store excess amino acids
        
        Amino acids are deaminated, removing the potentially toxic amino group, forming ammonia, which is toxic
        
        Ammonia is converted into urea via the ornithine cycle while the keto acid produced is used as energy in respiration or can be converted to a carbohydrate or fat for storage
    - - Carbon dioxide produced from respiration is transported to the lungs
      - Carbon Dioxide
        
        Haemoglobonic acid and carbaminohaemoglobin are both unable to combine with oxygen, reducing oxygen transport
        
        H+ ions in the plasma lower pH, potentially dangering numerous proteins in the blood. There are proteins within the blood acting as a pH buffer
        
        If the pH change is small, the change is detected by the respiratory centre in the brain, causing an increase in breathing rate to help remove excess carbon dioxide
        
        If pH drops below 7.35, it can cause headaches, drowsiness, rapid heart rate and changes in blood pressure, respiratory acidosis
    - - Urea removed from the blood and into urine
    - - Sweat contains salts, water and excretory products urea, uric acid and ammonia