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Internationell rätt (Use of force (Future (identity of states -->…

- - - - Cicero
        
        "Justifiable only when declared by appropriate government..."
        
        s. 67
      - Just ad bellum (s.67)
      - Inte internationellt samhälle men
    - - Första internationella samhället
    - - A world of emerging capitalism
      - the modern independent state
      - Early version of "power politics", diplomatic dialogue and balance-of-power (s.72)
      - Tryckpressen
    - - Secularisation of just ad bellum
        
        Principle of proportionality
        
        --> jus gentium
        
        Vitoria & Suarez (s. 81)
        
        war must be fought as a last resort
        
        war must be fought in a proper manner
        
        St. Thomas three conditions
      - An era of religious wars
      - First modern international society (s. 73)
        
        sovereignty of individual territorial states (s. 77)
      - Bodin, Grotius & Hobbes
  - - - International order
  - - - "When two or more states have some contact with and effect one another to such an extent that they are forced to take this into consideration in their political activities " (s. 13)
  - - - starting point of modern International society
    - - rex emperor in regno suo
      - cujus regio, ejes religio
      - the principle of the balance-of-power
    - - outside world
        
        capitulations
        
        colonial domination
      - European equilibrium
      - balance -of-power
      - capitalism
      - world economy
      - Just war was extended
  - - - Immanuel Kant, Toward perpetual Peace, global federation
      - Napoleon, European internationalism
    - - territorial --> national
      - liberalism, socialism (Marx), conservatism (Burke)
      - Outward expansion
      - Monroe doctrine
      - Pax Britannica
      - Just war doctrine --> balance-of-power system
      - Hauge conventions
      - Första IGO & INGO
  - - - Versailles treaty
      - League of nations
      - Pact of Paris on banning wars
    - - Adolf Hitler
      - Benito Mussolini
      - Atlantic charter
      - Yalta
      - End of colonies
  - - - UN
        
        Plurilateral not multilateral
        
        Further in restricting use of force
        
        Fundamental principel
        
        The sovereign equality of states
    - - IMF, Worldbank
    - - Bipolar
      - Three worlds
  - - - Multilateral optimism
        
        UN or comparable body
        
        predominant force in international relations
        
        Groatian vision
        
        restricting war by individual states
        
        permitted: purpose of the international society & self-defence
      - Militant Plurilateralism
        
        European concert
        
        Nato
        
        Low legality
        
        Can be legitimate
        
        Afghanistan
        
        Kosovo
    - - New medievalism
        
        Durable Disorder
        
        Coming anarchy
        
        Clash of civilisations
        
        Stable Chaos
        
        The fact that a system lacks a unified ordering principle does not mean there is no order
        
        Parallell to economy
        
        The coming empire
        
        the current world as an American creation
        
        US as an Empire
    - - beyond state sovereignty --> supranational structure
        
        Interregionalism
        
        Three core regions
        
        Europe and non-Europe
        
        World government
        
        Lacking sovereign state
        
        Conquest
        
        Consent
  - - - new approach (s. 176)
    - - Truman doctrine
      - Marshall plan
      - NATO
  - - - however not rejecting use of force