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H_N Nerves (Week1) (Cranial Nerves(1-12pairs) (10 Vagus; thorax and…

- - - - Opthalamic
      - Maxillary
      - Mandibular (Motor & Sensory)
        
        Meningeal (dura mater)
        
        Medial Pterygoid
        
        Tensor veli palatini
        
        tensor tympani
  - - - Internal Laryngeal Nerve
      - External Laryngeal Nerve :
  - - - Sternocleomastoid
      - Trapezius
  - - - Temporal
        
        Corrugator Supercilii
        
        Obicularis Occuli
        
        Frontalis
      - Cervical
        
        Platysma
      - Zygomatic
        
        Upper Oral Muscles
        
        Obicularis Occuli
      - Mandibular
        
        Lower Lip
      - Buccal
        
        Depressor Anguli Oris
        
        Buccinator
        
        Upper Lip
- - - - Sensory (Cutaneous)
        
        Supraclavicular (C3&4)
        
        Skin above and below auricle
        
        Greater Auricular (C2&3)
        
        Outer Ear
        
        Ear Canal
        
        Lesser Occipital (C2)
        
        Skin & Sculp Posteriosuperior to auricle
        
        Transverse (C2&3)
        
        Anterior Region of Neck
      - Muscular
        
        Ansa Cervicalis (C1-3)
      - Mixed
        
        Phrenic (C3-5)
  - - - Dorsal Root (DRG)
    - - Ventral Root
        
        Fused into Spinal Nerve
        
        Dorsal Ramus (to small part of back)
        
        Ventral Ramus
- - - - Visceral Reflex (Beyond Conscious Awareness)
        
        Homeostasis (BP - picked up by barroreceptive --> CN9/10 --> hormones affect cardiac & smooth muscles)
        
        Eg. Unrinary bladder filling (only when touch peritoneal wall), Esophageal Sphincter
        
        Respiratory/Urinary/Digestive
      - Visceral/Referred Pain (Reach Consciousness)
        
        Eg. Ischemic Heart - Referred Shoulder, Arm, Forearm
        
        Eg. Appendicitis - Referred Umbilicus
        
        Stomach Pain - Referred Epigastric
    - - Knee jerk
    - - General (Skin/Joints/Muscle)
      - Visceral
  - - - Skeletal Muscle
    - - Gland
        
        1.*Exocrine Gland*
      - Muscle
        
        2.Smooth
        
        3.Cardiac
      - Parasympathetic
        
        Rest or Repose
        
        Localized
        
        Neurotransmitters
        
        Pre-G: Ach
        
        Post-G: Ach
      - Sympathetic
        
        Fight or Flight
        
        Widespread
        
        Neurotransmitters
        
        Pre-G: Ach
        
        Post-G: Noradrenaline (except sweat glands)
  - - - Afferent (General/Somatic Sensory)
        
        1st Order / Primary SN
        
        Dorsal Root Ganglion
        
        From: Receptor To: 2nd Order at Dorsal Horn
        
        2nd Order / Secondary SN / Relay Neuron
        
        Decussation
        
        From: Dorsal Horn To: 3rd Order at Thalamus
        
        3rd Order / Tertiary SN
        
        From: Thalamus To: Cerebral Cortex
        
        Sequence: Stimulus > Receptor > Sensory Neuron > Brain
      - Efferent (Somatic Motor)
        
        Upper Motor Neuron (UMN)
        
        From: Motor Cortex To: LMN at Dorsal Horn
        
        Upper Motor Neuron might Decussate pyrimidal tract
        
        Nucleus
        
        Lower Motor Neuron (LMN)
        
        From: UMN at Ventral Horn To: Effector
        
        Cortico-bulba Brain Stem Motor Nucleus
        
        Cortico-spinal Spinal Motor Nucleus
      - Efferent (Autonomic/Viscero-motor)
        
        Pre-G Neuron (Brain-Area)
        
        Autonomic nuclei in (Lateral horn/Brainstem)
        
        Long in parasympathetic
        
        Short in sympathetic
        
        Pre-G synpase with Autonomic ganglia
        
        Post-G Neuron
        
        Autonomic ganglia (Sym: Vertebrae; Para: Effector)
        
        Long in sympathetic
        
        Short in parasympathetic
        
        Pre-G synapse with autonomic ganglia
    - - General sensory: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Temperature
        
        Post Central Gyrus
      - Special: Taste Smell Sight
        
        VIsual: Occipital Lobe: Calcarine Sulcus
        
        Auditory: Temporal Lobe: Auditory Cortex
- - - - Brachial Plexus
      - Lumbo-Sacral Plexus
    - - Conus Medularis (Cone shaped tail end)
      - Cauda equina (Caudal continuation of spinal nerves)
      - Thoraic 5 Nerves(T1-T9)
      - Cervical 8 Nerves (C1-C7)
      - Lumbar 5 Nerves (T10-T11)
      - Sacral 5 Nerves (T12-L2)
    - - Meninges (Function protection)
        
        Pia Mater (Connected to cord)
        
        Arachnoid Mater
        
        Dura Mater
        
        Extra Dura Space
        
        Between endosteal & meningial layers
        
        Site of Dura-venous sinuses
        
        Sub Dura Space
        
        Sub Arachnoid Space (Contain CSF)
      - Grey Matter (H-shape) Cell Bodies
        
        Dorsal Horn (Sensory)
        
        Ventral Horn (Motor)
        
        Lateral Horn (Autonomic motor)
        
        T1-L2 Sympathetic
        
        S2-S4 Parasympathetic
      - White Matter
        
        Ascending Axons Tracts (Sensory)
        
        Descending Axons Tracts (Motor)
  - - - Main Parts
        
        Cerebrum (CN1-2)
        
        CN1 & CN2 (Inferior surface of frontal lobe)
        
        Diencephalon (grey matter)
        
        Thalamus
        
        Integration Centre (Sensory/Motor/Cognitive)
        
        Hypothalamus
        
        Control (Endocrine/Autonomic/Sexual/Bio-clock)
        
        Cerebellum
        
        Coordinates voluntary movement (smooth, balance, accuracy)
        
        Controls: Tone, Posture, Equilibrium
        
        Proprioception (Subconscious): Balance and Posture
        
        Brainstem (CN3-12) (Awakeness, VItal Centres)
        
        Midbrain
        
        CN3 & CN4
        
        Pons
        
        CN5 (Mid pontine level)
        
        Medulla Oblongata
        
        CN9, CN10, CN11 & CN12
        
        Pontine Medulla Junction
        
        CN6, CN7 & CN8
        
        Limbic System (Side of thalamus/temporal)
        
        Hippocampus
        
        Amygdala
        
        Cingulate Gyrus
        
        Emotion/Behaviour/Long term memory, olfaction
        
        Images
        
        CN3 (Midbrain)
        
        CN4 (Midbrain)
        
        Only nerve that exits posteriorly
        
        CN5 (Pons)
        
        CN6 (Ponto-medullary junction)
        
        CN7 (Ponto-medullary junction)
        
        CN8 (Ponto-medullary junction)
        
        CN9 (Medulla)
        
        CN10 (Medulla)
        
        CN11 (Medulla)
        
        CN12 (Medulla)
      - Ventricular system: Produces CSF >> Continuous with central canal of spinal cord
        
        Foramen Luschka (x 2 Lateral)
        
        Foramen Magendie (Medial)
        
        Lateral Ventricle (Large, C shaped, 1 for each hemisphere)
        
        3rd Ventricle (Separate R/L thalamus)
        
        4th Ventricle (Separate brainstem from cerebellum)
      - Lobes
        
        Frontal (Motor)
        
        Parietal (Sensory)
        
        Temporal (Hearing)
        
        Occipital (Sight)
      - Cerebral Cortex
        
        Valley groove = Sulcus/Fissure (deep)
        
        Gyrus (Ridge)
        
        Central Sulcus
        
        (1o Motor Cortex) Pre-central gyrus (Frontal/Motor)
        
        (1o Sensory Cortex) Post-central gyrus (Parietal/Sensory)
        
        (2o Motor Cortex) Pre-central gyrus (Frontal/Motor)
        
        (2o Sensory Cortex) Post-central gyrus (Parietal/Sensory)
        
        Lateral Fissure
        
        (1o Auditory Cortex) Superior temporal gyrus (Hearing) "41/42"
        
        (2o Auditory Cortex) Sensory Speech (Wernicke's)
        
        (Motor Speech) Broca's Region
        
        Calcarine Sulcus
        
        Longitudinal Fissure
        
        Corpus Callosum (White matter) connects R/L Hemisphere
        
        Pre-frontal Cortex
        
        Homunculus: Representation of body parts on surface of brain (Contralateral)
        
        Motor Homunculus (Size by dexterity)
        
        Sensory Homunculus (Size by sensitivity)
        
        Distribution
        
        Lateral Cerebrum: Face/Oropharynx
        
        Medial Cerebrum: Torso/Upper Limb
        
        Longitudinal Fissure: Lower Limb
        
        *Exceptions: Sensory additional - digestive tract + external genitalial
  - - - Serum: After coagulation; Plasma without Fibrinogen
    - - Sensory ganglion
        
        Eg. DRG
        
        Eg. Trigeminal
      - Autonomic ganglion
- - - - Nutrition & maintenance
      - Comparable to Astrocytes?
    - - Formation of Myelin Sheath
      - Comparable to Oligodendrocytes
  - - - Oligodendrocytes
        
        Nutrition & maintenance
        
        Formation of Myelin Sheath
      - Astrocytes
        
        Contribute to bloodbrainbarrier(BBB)
        
        Phagocytosis
        
        Isolation of synapses
      - Microglia
        
        Defense Mechanism
        
        Phagocytosis & Immune Respone
- - - - Spinous Process Point Downwards + Slender
      - Heart Shaped Body
    - - Spinous Process Bifid
      - Transverse Foramen (Contains Veterbral Artery/Vein)
    - - Kidney Shaped Body
      - Spinous Process Point Horizontal + Broad