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Hypoxia as Cell Injury (Every cell in the body needs O2 to produce ATP…

- - - - This way is not as good and produces lactic acid, which increases acidity in the cell --> which leads to denatured/destroyed proteins and enzymes.
  - - - water causes the cell to swell.
        
        When the cell swells, the cells membrane which contains microvilli are in trouble.
        
        The microvilli also swell and surface area is decreased on the outside of the cell which decreases absorption ability.
        
        When the cell swells, BLEB can also happen
        
        BLEB is when the cells cytoskeleten is failing and water starts to create bulges and slip through the membrane.
        
        When the cell swells, the Rough ER also swell, and ribosomes (which create protein synthesis) are detached from the Rough ER
        
        Up until this point, all changes in the cell are reversible
        
        Everything changes when the Calcium pump stops working and Ca2+ starts to build up in the cell
        
        Calcium activates enzymes such as proteases, endonuclease, and breaks down lysosomes
        
        the lysosomes house hydrolytic enzymes which will start to cut up everything in the cell
        
        calcium activates phospholipase which will break down the cell membrane
        
        all these enzymes can go into the blood and continue to cause damage to the system
        
        Calcium can also leak into the mitochondria and and cause cytochrome C to leak out
        
        Cytochrome C is BAD
        
        Cytochrome C activites Apoptosis which is programmed cell death.
        
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