Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Culture (Definitions (Power (The ability to influence another or to limit…

- - - - However, privilege is relative and varies according to context. Also, we may have some parts of our identity that are privileged, and other parts that or at a disadvantage.
      - Voluntary power: Education, Geographical location, Marital Status etc.
      - Involuntary power: Gender, Race, Ethnicity, Age, Physical ability etc.
  - - - Biological: “pure” races existed and could be distinguished by such physical features as eye color and shape, skin color, and hair colour.
      - Sociopolitical: it is not a person’s DNA that places them into a particular racial grouping, but all of the other factors that create social relations—politics, geography, or migration.
    - - Nationality refers to a person’s nation-state of residence or where he/she holds citizenship.
      - Ethnicity refers to a person’s or people’s heritage and history, and involves shared cultural traditions and beliefs. A person may identify as Asian-American racially while their ethnicity is Chinese.
        
        Personal Example: My ethnicity is Chinese, but I identify as an Indonesian, because I was born in Indonesia and spent my formative years there.
- - - - Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions Theory
        
        A framework for cross-cultural communication
        
        Individualism: Individualism on the one side versus its opposite, collectivism, is the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups and seen as interdependent or independent.
        
        Power distance: the extent to which people accept an unequal distribution of power.
        
        Masculinity-femininity: The degree of being feminine—valuing fluid gender roles, quality of life, service, relationships, and interdependence—and the degree of being masculine—emphasizing distinctive gender roles, ambition, materialism, and independence.
        
        Uncertainty avoidance: The extent to which uncertainty, ambiguity, and deviant ideas and behaviours are avoided.
        
        Long-term versus short-term orientation: Reflects a cultural-group orientation toward virtue or truth. The long-term orientation emphasizes virtue, whereas the short-term orientation emphasizes truth.
- - - - High
        
        Relationships are stable and defined. How things get done depends on relationships of people and the group. Identity is rooted in groups such as family. Authority and Social structure is centralized
      - Low
        
        Relationships are volatile. Things are done by paying attention to procedure and the goal. Identity is rooted in Self, and own accomplishments. Social structure is decentralized
    - - Low
        
        Low use of non-verbal language. The verbal message is direct and explicit. Communication is seen as a practical tool and disagreement is not personal, with the focus being on solution.
      - High
        
        High use of non-verbal language. The verbal message is implicit and indirect. Communication is seen as an art and disagreement is taken personally.
    - - High
        
        Space is communal, with less focus on personal space.
      - Low
        
        Space is private, and more emphasis is placed on personal space.
    - - High
        
        Everything has its own time, as long as the goal is accomplished. Change is slow, and culture is rooted in the past. Time is a process that belongs to others and nature.
      - Low
        
        Everything is scheduled, and the goal is to be accomplished efficiently. Change is fast, often due to progressive culture. Time is a commodity that is owned by yourself.
    - - High
        
        Knowledge is harmonious, and multiple sources may be used. Learning is deductive. Learning occurs by seeing others demonstrate, then practicing. Group learning is preferred and accuracy is valued.
      - Low
        
        Knowledge is fragmented and compartmentalized. Often, only one source of information is used, and learning is inductive. Learning occurs by following explicit instruction. Studying alone is preferred and speed is more valued.