contemporary urban environments

causes of urban growth

rural - urban migration

natural population growth

consequences

urban sprawl

unemployment

housing shortages

lack of services

transport issues

suburbanisation

Birmingham - Quinton

push and pull factors

urban resurgence

The Jewellery Quarter

pre-resurgence

economic decline

seen more in HICs

severe industrial decline

globalisation

deindustrialisation

unemployment

social decline

crime

out migration

extreamism

physical decline

dereliction

housing types

concrete jungles

evidence

historical architecture

housing conversion

modern infrastructure

rebranded areas

attempts to attract young pros

service industrys

people that have lost their jobs in deindustrialisation have been employed in the service industry.

located in HICs

access international markets

urban policy

manage development and reduce issues

urban development corporations

to regenerate the inner city

sustainability

BedZED

Freiburg Germany

counterurbanisation

if you move you leave behind the unskilled

commuting

the rural turnaround (social and demographic change in a rural area)

high car ownership

arterial roads

retirement

employment

Birmingham to Hagley

poverty and diversity

ways to tackle poverty

increase wages

improved education

affordable housing

cultural diversity

immigration

multicultural city

Poland to the UK

urban form (physical characteristics)

social patterns of land use

peak land use and distance decay theory

bid-rent theory

the further away from the city the more it declines

starting to spread outwards

deindustrialisation

severe economic decline

mechanism

competition from abroad

reduced demand for products

environmental impacts

derelict land

crime

pollution

acid rain destroys buildings

reduction in noise and pollution

economic impacts

loss of jobs

unable to pay tax

closure of businesses so they are unable to support the industry

decline in property prices

social impacts

competition causes conflict

less employed

unable to provide

causes out migration

urban drainage

river restoration

maintains floods

improve brownfield sites

stimulates investment

promoting wildlife and biodiversity

Sheffield Blue Loop

SUDs

slows down surface water run-off

reduces risk of flooding

preventing water pollution

provides habitats for wildlife

creates green space

waste management

municipal = from street cleaning

domestic = from households

commercial = from offices and retail

institutional = from schools unis and hospitals

waste heirarchy

municipal solid waste

Amsterdam Landfill and Infilltration

urban climate

albeado

the reflectivity of a surface

particulate air pollution

air pollution caused by releases of particles and gases

photochemical pollution

air pollution that occurs in cities and is dangerous to health

temperature inversion

unnatural air conditioning

mirco climate

small scale variations in climate change

urban heat island

fog is increased with industrialisation

thunder develops in humid air

densely populated area

metropolitan area is warmer than rural areas.

created from energy from peoples cars

wind patterns

channelling = wind directed down a long straight canyon

urban canyon = spaces between buildings

venture effect = effect squeezing wind into gaps

urban pollution

clean air acts = a low established way to reduce pollution

public = public transport to reduce congestion

zoning = force chimneys to be higher above the urban canopy layer.

this lead to major pollution levels which caused health problems, for example astma. The pollution is increased during rush hour due to people travelling to and from work. But due to urbanisation and development it attracts more people with cars increasing traffic congestion.

The most common is water and electricity. There is a lack of maintenance in infrastructure such as roads leading to potential traffic congestion. The lack of drainage and sewage can cause widespread of disease. The lack of waste disposal is increasing each year as it is due to rapid population growth so this may cause health hazards as disease may be carried by pests and pass onto humans.

People may become homeless so the streets look unappealing. People then claim benefits putting pressure on the government.

Less room for larger homes. Less room to grow crops as farmland is taken away causing long term problems such as food shortages and as there is a growing population there are more people to feed. This is less economically efficient as it requires more roads and infrastructure.

The more people that migrate the more people seek jobs. These people are relatively young as they seek to find a new start as cities have the things that they need but this leads to pressure to create sufficient jobs. Employment rates have increased, in particular in the informal sector.

This is described as decentralisation where a movement of people from the inner city to the edge of a city has happened.

Characteristics are - streets lined with trees, dive ways, wider pathways, detached or semi detached housing and parking lanes on the road.

This is the movement of people away but out of the urban area altogether and into the rural one.

Factories close because they may go abroad, the workforce may have lower wages, they are cheaper to build abroad due to less planning and environmental laws, there is a lack of land for expansion, lower levels of education means people will work harder for less pay.

Service Industry's are taking over HICs due to companies wanting professional services such as consultancy, training or marketing as it can help them improve their business performance. There is an increasing demand for health, education and entertainment services. They are helpful if a business is going through change as they can help increase growth.

Many people who lost their jobs during deindustrialisation have not been re-employed in the service industry

They are often part time or temporary roles.

Some inner city locations have been avoided by this industry leading to continued decline.

Urban Development Corporations

It was a scheme introduced in the 1980sto regenerate the city to make it more urbanised. People that stayed here were commonly from the local businesses and were asked to invest money into the land as a private investment. They acted as attraction areas for tourists as they would bring in more investment to the area to spend on more development. It was effective in attracting new businesses as it would gain a positive multiplier effect. Because of this, 190,000 jobs were created nationally. However, it did not tackle social problems as houses were knocked down and relocated causing problems for children. Local people complained as they had little involvement.