the rural turnaround (social and demographic change in a rural area)

this lead to major pollution levels which caused health problems, for example astma. The pollution is increased during rush hour due to people travelling to and from work. But due to urbanisation and development it attracts more people with cars increasing traffic congestion.

The most common is water and electricity. There is a lack of maintenance in infrastructure such as roads leading to potential traffic congestion. The lack of drainage and sewage can cause widespread of disease. The lack of waste disposal is increasing each year as it is due to rapid population growth so this may cause health hazards as disease may be carried by pests and pass onto humans.

People may become homeless so the streets look unappealing. People then claim benefits putting pressure on the government.

Less room for larger homes. Less room to grow crops as farmland is taken away causing long term problems such as food shortages and as there is a growing population there are more people to feed. This is less economically efficient as it requires more roads and infrastructure.

The more people that migrate the more people seek jobs. These people are relatively young as they seek to find a new start as cities have the things that they need but this leads to pressure to create sufficient jobs. Employment rates have increased, in particular in the informal sector.

This is described as decentralisation where a movement of people from the inner city to the edge of a city has happened.

Characteristics are - streets lined with trees, dive ways, wider pathways, detached or semi detached housing and parking lanes on the road.

This is the movement of people away but out of the urban area altogether and into the rural one.

Factories close because they may go abroad, the workforce may have lower wages, they are cheaper to build abroad due to less planning and environmental laws, there is a lack of land for expansion, lower levels of education means people will work harder for less pay.

Service Industry's are taking over HICs due to companies wanting professional services such as consultancy, training or marketing as it can help them improve their business performance. There is an increasing demand for health, education and entertainment services. They are helpful if a business is going through change as they can help increase growth.

Many people who lost their jobs during deindustrialisation have not been re-employed in the service industry

Some inner city locations have been avoided by this industry leading to continued decline.

It was a scheme introduced in the 1980sto regenerate the city to make it more urbanised. People that stayed here were commonly from the local businesses and were asked to invest money into the land as a private investment. They acted as attraction areas for tourists as they would bring in more investment to the area to spend on more development. It was effective in attracting new businesses as it would gain a positive multiplier effect. Because of this, 190,000 jobs were created nationally. However, it did not tackle social problems as houses were knocked down and relocated causing problems for children. Local people complained as they had little involvement.