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Germany - (1890 - 1945) (The Nazi party (Main Aims (No one should receive…

- - - - Amount of reparations to be paid - Stayed the same overall (50 billion Marks) but Germany only had to pay one billion Marks per year for the first five years and 2.5 billion per year after that
      - Amount of time over which they would be paid - Indefinite
      - Date - Proposed April 1924, agreed September 1924
      - Loans made available to Germany - Germany was loaned 800 million Marks from the USA
    - - Amount of reparations to be paid - Reduced the total amount by 20 per cent. Germany was to pay two billion Marks per year, two thirds of which could be postponed each year if necessary
      - Amount of time over which they would be paid - 59 years, with payments to end in 1988
      - Date - Proposed August 1929, agreed January 1930
      - Loans made available to Germany - US banks would continue to loan Germany money, coordinated by J P Morgan, one of the world’s leading bankers
  - - - Germany had previously complained bitterly about their loss of territory, but now the Germans were accepting the loss of Alsace-Lorraine to France. France also had to respect their frontier with Germany, which meant no more ‘invasions of the Ruhr’ like the one in 1923.
      - However, the Locarno guarantee of frontiers only applied to Western Europe.
      - In October 1925 Germany, France and Belgium agreed to respect their post-Versailles borders.
      - Germany’s frontiers in the east were regarded as negotiable, and this gave Stresemann the opportunity in future to negotiate the frontiers with Poland and Czechoslovakia in particular.
    - - By signing the Locarno Treaties, Germany showed that it was accepting the Versailles settlement and so a year later was accepted as a permanent member of the Council of League, making it one of the most powerful countries in the League.
      - When the League of Nations was set up as part of the Versailles agreement Germany was initially excluded.
    - - Germany was one of 62 countries that signed up to this agreement, which committed its signatories to settling disputes between them peacefully.
    - - Treaty of Berlin
        
        Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Treaty of Berlin on 24th April 1926. Each promised to stay neutral if another country attacked them for the next five years.
      - Renewal of the Treaty of Rapallo
        
        Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Treaty Rapallo on 16th April 1922. The two nations agreed to cancel all financial claims against each other and strengthened their economic and military ties.
      - Stresemann had also established the principle of future revision of the Versailles settlement for the German nation, in the ‘open frontiers’ approach in Eastern Europe.
- - - - If there is a crisis (like war) the president can rule by decree (bypass the reichstag)
      - Article 48 show that the people who wrote the constitution didn't trust democracy to rule in a time of war.
    - - Reichstag laws overrule State Laws.
      - The Chancellor is not elected by the people.
      - The President is elected every 7 years.
      - The Chancellor is picked by the President.
      - A law is only law if the Reichstag agrees.
      - The Reichstag passed laws.
      - Article 48 allowed the President and Chancellor to pass their own laws and ignore the Reichstag.
      - The Reichstag is elected using Proportional Representation.
      - The chancellor had a seat in the Reichstag.
      - The Chancellor is the Prime Minister.
      - The states keep some of their own governments.
      - The Chancellor has to have the support of the majority of the Reichstag in order to rule.
- - - - Mein Kampf or My Stuggle is the autobiography Hitler wrote while in prison, it details all his beliefs and became like the bible for Nazi members.
  - - - The Nazi storm troopers attacked Hitler's opponents.
      - Goebbels' propaganda campaign was very effective and it won support for the Nazis. The Nazis targeted specific groups of society with different slogans and policies to win their support.
      - The depression of 1929 created poverty and unemployment, which made people angry with the Weimar government. People lost confidence in the democratic system and turned towards the extremist political parties such as the Communists and Nazis during the depression.
      - Hitler was given power in a seedy political deal by Hindenburg and Papen who foolishly thought they could control him.
      - The moderate political parties would not work together, although together they had more support than the Nazis.
      - German people were still angry about the Treaty of Versailles and supported Hitler because he promised to overturn it.
      - Hitler was a great speaker, with the power to make people support him.
      - Industrialists gave Hitler money and support.
- - - - The Rhineland was demilitarised - the German army was not allowed to go there.
      - The German army restricted to 100,000 men and no tanks.
      - The German navy restricted to six battleships and no submarines.
      - Germany not allowed to have an air force.
    - - Germany would have to pay reparations, to be decided later - eventually set at 132 billion gold marks (£6.6 billion). This would later be lowered, however, it still wasn't enough to save Germany the struggle.
    - - Article 231 stated Germany was responsible for causing all the loss and damage caused by the war.
    - - Lands in eastern Germany - the rich farmlands of Posen and the Polish corridor between Germany and East Prussia - given to Poland.
      - Danzig made a free city under League of Nations control.
      - Alsace-Lorraine returned to France.
      - All Germany's colonies taken and given to France and Britain as 'mandates'.
      - The Saar, with its rich coalfields, given to France for 15 years.
    - - The Covenant of the League of Nations - Germany was not allowed to join.
- - - - Poland – Ghettos were developed in Warsaw and Lodz. Jews weren't allowed to leave a part of the city – soldiers and barbed wire prevented them. Around 500,000 died as a result of disease and starvation.
        The Jewish population was increasing, and the Nazis used them to work in factories.
      - As Germany invaded Poland in 1939, three million Jews came under Germany's control. This is how Germany dealt with the Jewish people.
      - Ghettos across Eastern Europe varied in their size, scope and living conditions. The conditions in the ghettos were generally brutal. In Warsaw, the Jews, comprising 30% of the city overall population, were forced to live in 2.4% of the city's area, a density of 7.2 people per room.
    - - In July 1941, Goering ordered Heydrich to prepare a plan to find the Final Solution to the Jewish problem. The result was the construction of concentration camps.
      - On 20 January 1942, at a Conference in Wannsse, Berlin, Himmler was given the task of extending the concentration camps and developing more effective ways of dealing with the problem.
      - Therefore, gas chambers were constructed in camps such as Sobibor, Treblinka, Maidank and Auschwitz-Birkenau in Poland.
    - - Concentration camps were an integral feature of the regime in Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945.
      - The term concentration camp refers to a camp in which people are detained or confined, usually under harsh conditions and without regard to legal norms of arrest and imprisonment that are acceptable in a constitutional democracy.
      - Gas Chambers
        
        In Auschwitz I it was possible to put 700-800 Jews in one gas chamber, and Auschwitz-Birkenau's chambers were even bigger.
        
        It would take between three and 15 minutes for them to be killed.
        
        The Nazis killed 6 million Jews – this was the Holocaust. The gas used in the chambers was called Zyklon B.
    - - One of the sections of the SS, called the Einsatzgruppen, was used to gather Jews, shoot them and throw them into mass graves. Around 750,000 were killed in this way.
      - In the eyes of the Nazis, this process was too slow for them to be able to deal with the number of Jews they had under their control.
      - As Germany went into Russia in June 1941, even more Jews came under the Nazis’ control.