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62. Jaundices (Jaundice with high (+) UCB occurs because of.. (UCB…
62. Jaundices
Jaundice- skin and eyes appear yellowish due to increased blood levels of bilirubin.
normally, unconjugated bilirubin is metabolised in the liver hepatocytes by UGT enzyme into conjugated bilirubin.
If hepatocytes die, UGT cannot perform and UCB and CB will be released in the blood.
yellow colour due to >2.5mg/dL serum level of bilirubin
sclera has a lot of elastin which has high affinity of bilirubin, usually appears yellow first.
Jaundice with high (+) UCB occurs because of..
extravascular haemolytic anaemia
RBCs broken down earlier than usual by macrophages
ineffective hematopoesis
rbcs dont form correctly in bone marrow, broken down by macrophages
UCB OVERLOAD ON HEPATOCYTES
excess UCB remains in blood
hepatocytes saturated
max CB released, goes to bile
(+) risk of pigmented bilirubin gallstones
to duodenum where converted to UBG (urobilinogen)
some UBG recycled into blood, oxidised to UB (urobilin)
UB excreted by kidneys
dark urine
physiologic jaundice of newborn
newborn livers have (-) UGT enzyme
UCB may accumulate, fat soluble, collect in basal ganglia
kernicterus
brain damage
death
phototherapy required
Genetic defects
Gilbert's syndrome
- low UGT activity
hemolysis can cause build up of UCB
Crigler Najjar syndrome
- no UGT activity
extremely (+) UCB in blood, kernicterus, fatal
Jaundice with high (+) CB occurs because of..
genetic defects
Dubin Johnson syndrome
- autosomal recessive disorder
deficiency of transport protein MRP2 that moves CB to bile duct from hepatocytes
MRP3 unregulated, moves CB back into blood, accumulates
obstructive jaundice
- bile flow blocked
blockage causes(+) pressure in bile duct
bile w/ CB leaks through tight junctions back into blood
bile salts, acids and cholesterol also leaks
pruritus
hypercholesterolemia
Jaundice with high (+) UCB and CB occurs because of..
viral hepatitis
hepatocytes infected, die
(+) UCB in blood
let bile leak into blood
(+) CB in blood