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INTEGRATING MULTIMEDIA INTO LEARNING (Top 10 Mistakes (Gratuitous sounds,…
INTEGRATING MULTIMEDIA INTO LEARNING
Introduction
Multimedia learning environment involves presenting words & pictures that are intended to promote learning - mental representations
Authoring Systems
Video Production & Editing Software
Hypermedia Authoring Software
Presentation Software
Authoring Resources
Photographs
Graphic Images
Video
Animations
Audio
Text
Advantages
Easy for the teacher to deliver their lesson
Learning can become more goal oriented, more participatory, flexible in time & space
Add pedagogical value to the application
Increase collaboration between teachers & students
Application looks better
Learning become fun & friendly without fear of inadequacies/failure
Disadvantages
Development costs in multimedia are very high
Process of developing effective multimedia takes time
May not be accessible to a large section of its intended users if they do not have access to multimedia-capable machines
The user must be computer literate to use the application
Require good quality computers
Training for unfamiliar user can be complicating
Requires high-end computer systems
Education Use Issues
Lack of training
Projection needs
Hardware intensity
Integration problems
Media literacy importance
Memory & storage problems
Applications
Enables us to provide a way by which learners can experience their subject in a vicarious manner - having simultaneous graphic, video & audio rather than the text alone
Provide an enhanced/augmented learning experiences at a low cost per unit
Powerful tool for making presentations
Development Sequence
Develop individual frames
Insert graphics
Storyboard
Add links &/ scripts
Di research first
Test & revise
Review existing products
Authoring Skills
Design principles
Creative & novel thinking
Using music & art
Consider audience
Media literacy
Top 10 Mistakes
Gratuitous sounds
No graphics, just text
Gratuitous graphics
Presenting in a bright room
Too many fancy fonts
Reading text to audience
Too many items on one frame
Too much text on one frame
Text & background do not contrast
Type too small
Brain Processing & Multimedia Learning
Describe the CTML
3 components
Working memory
Long-term memory
Multimedia content
How we process information?
Multi-step process - perception, attention, selection, organization & integration of information
Center of this process is long-term memory - stores accumulated knowledge, stores & integrate new information
Accumulated knowledge is organized into chunks of information - schema
Schemas - organize information in meaningful ways, helps to integrate & organize new information
If information does not find its way into long-term memory, it is lost
Learning - change in our long-term memory
Limitations of working memory
Working memory - can only handle small amounts of information before it has to be integrated into long-term memory/lost
It must be received & processed by working memory
Multiple channel for information processing
Researchers believe that there are multiple channels in working memory
Baddeley proposes an auditory - handles information that is heard & visual channel - processes information that is seen
When information is presented using both the visual & auditory channels, working memory can handle more information overall
Researcher suggest that the visual channel handles less information than the auditory channel
Using multiple channels can increase the amount of information that brain can process - there is still the risk of cognitive overload since too much information can interfere with the long-term memory
Organizing information into schema
If there are no existing schema in which to fit the information, new schema need to be created & working memory may need to do extra work to help organize the information
If information is poorly organized, or if it is difficult to relate newly presented information to existing schema, working memory can handle even less information - can be prevented by presenting organizing information along with the information to be learned
Information in working memory is integrated into long-term memory using existing schema
Effective multimedia
Take advantage of both the auditory & visual channels in working memory to deliver content - increases the overall amount of information the brain can process
Understands that text may be particularly challenging to process, with involvement from both the visual & auditory channels required
Recognizes that working memory has a limited capacity to process information
Recognize that long-term memory organizes information into meaningful chunks - schema
Multimedia Learning Principles
Multimedia Delivery
More effective when it is interactive & under the control of the learner
Most effective when the learner is engaged with the presentation
Multimedia Context
More effective when learner knowledge structures are activated prior to exposure to multimedia content
Most effective when the learner can apply their newly acquired knowledge & received feedback
Multimedia Content
More effective when learner attention is focused, not split
Words & pictures are better than words alone
The presentation of multimedia content should exclude extraneous & redundant information
Multimedia - Supported Learning
Multimedia appears to be an environment that supports the forms of exploration & activity required for learning theoretical approaches in real life situations(Oliver, Herrington & Sparrow(1996))
Authentic activities can be incorporated into online modules by using multimedia as a technological support - require learners to apply theoretical knowledge into real context
Learning courses that are interactive should contain a good mix of various multimedia components(video, audio, games, simulations & interactions) to maximize its effects on learning.
Learning process can be enhanced through integrating multimedia as it provides users control over the delivery of information & supports interactivity(Cairncross & Mannon(2001))
Interactive courseware that uses multimedia can promote active learning (Wang, Yetsko, Licitra & Armstrong (2005))
Multimedia can support multiple representations of the same piece of information in a variety of format which gives learners an authentic learning environment by providing multiple roles & perspectives