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TOK Exam Review (Metaphysics (The Ontological Argument (A priori - Logical…

- - - - Anselm: God is being than which none greater can be conceived
      - Perfect in power/knowledge/goodness
      - If God did not perfect existence, God would not be God, therefore God exists
  - - - Aquinas: doubted human ability to know essence of God but created proof - 1) God is unmoved mover that starts chain of things moving all others, 2) there cannot be an infinite chain, 3) one day nothing would exist but there are things now so there could never have been state of nothingness -- God is not contingent (i.e. do not last forever) but necessary being
  - - - Anthropic principle: universe fine-tuned for human life/intelligence; if condition for Big Bang had been slightly different, life would not have emerged
  - - - Strong atheism: no such God vs. Weak atheism: no reason to believe
      - Agnosticism: existence unknown or unknowable
        
        Strong: cannot possibly know vs. Weak: do not know whether or not God exists
      - Agnostic theism: believe that there is deity but attributes cannot be known
    - - Apatheism: God's existence little practical significance
      - ARGUMENTS
        
        Poor design - flawed creatures
        
        Non-belief - would have created world where everybody believed
        
        Parsimony - simpler to explain existence of religion in terms of psychology
        
        Omnipotence paradox - can God create more powerful being?
        
        Argument from free-will
        
        Problem of evil