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Physics Section 5: Solids, Liquids and Gasses (A (Units (kelvin (K), joule…

- - - - Density= mass/ volume
      - Using a set mass of one object (eg 100g of water) change the space its in (eg 200ml cylinder taking ten off the ml each time.) Use the formula mass/volume to find the density, it will go up as the volume decreases.
    - - Pressure= force/ area
    - - pressure difference = height × density × g
- - - - Solid/ liquid
        
        Particles in a solid don't move; but if they are heated they gain energy and move, if they move enough they will become a liquid because the particles will bounce off each other moving them further apart.
      - liquid/ gas
        
        Similarly, a liquids particles have some energy, but if they gain more they will bounce off each other more frequently moving them further apart; eventually they are far enough apart that it is a gas.
    - - Solid: low energy; little movement, vibrating on the spot
      - Liquid: some energy; some movement; particles collide, bouncing apart and creating space between particles
      - Gas: lots of energy; lots of movement; particles collide a lot, bouncing apart more creating lots of space between particles
- - - - Brownian motion is the principle that particles move randomly about a space.
      - Particle theory says that as particles move about (randomly) they collide, when they collide with a surface the exert a pressure on the surface (like air keeping a balloon inflated.)
    - - Molecules of gas move randomly about space.
      - When the collide with a surface, they exert pressure on it.
      - For example air particles collide with the surface of a balloon, the pressure the exert keeps the balloon inflated.
    - - Heat is energy, the more energy the more heat. If something were to have no energy it would be 'absolute zero'.
      - Zero in Celsius is the freezing point of water, 'absolute zero' is -273°C
      - Absolute zero is the starting point for Kelvin
        
        Kelvin = Celsius + 273
        
        Kelvin
        
        The Kelvin temperature scale is in direct proportion to the energy of particles.
        
        it puts 0 where particles have no energy, as the Kelvin go up so does the energy.
    - - If you increase the temperature of something, you increase the energy levels in it. The molecules of it will then have more kinetic energy- this means they will be travelling faster.
    - - As Kelvin increase, energy increases.
      - As the energy of something increases, its particles will move faster and with more force.
      - This will mean more force is exerted over a fixed area- increasing pressure.
      - So if a gas has its kelvin increased, it will exert more force on the container its in, meaning the pressure will go up.
      - If volume and mass are kept the same, then increasing one will increase the other in direct proportion.
        
        p1/t1=p2/t2
    - - Pressure 1 x Volume 1 = Pressure 2 x Volume 2