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science (what is it? (systematic study of the natural and physical world…

- - - - numerical value
      - unit
        
        S.I. base unit ( systeme international )
        
        length = metre (m)
        
        mass = kilogram (kg
        
        time = second (s)
        
        temperature =kelvin (k)
        
        mutiples of the base unit
      - matterial measurement
        
        five main groups of materials
        
        metals
        
        glass
        
        ceramic
        
        plastic
        
        fibres
        
        mass
        
        the mass of an object is amount of matter it contains
        
        matter is anything that takes up place and has mass
        
        measured by equipment called balance
        
        volume
        
        amount of three dimensional sspace the object occupies
        
        unit = cm3
        
        the equipment of measurement
        
        a metre rule
        
        used to measure short lengths
        
        measuring tape
        
        used to measuring outdoor distance
        
        internal calipers
        
        used to measure internal dimension of hollow object
        
        external calipers
        
        used to measure dimensions of round or cylindrical objects
        
        vernier calipers
        
        used to measure external diameter of round objects
        
        objects
        
        irregular
        
        measuring using displacement methods
        
        regural
        
        cube
        
        cuboid
        
        cylinder
        
        sphere
        
        cone
        
        the density of a substance is its mass per unit volume
        
        density = mass : volume
        
        state of matter
        
        solid
        
        liquid
        
        gas
    - - light
        
        form of energy that enables us to see
        
        it can travel through a vacuum (empty space)
        
        it has a speed of about 300 million metres per second
        
        object that give out light energy are said to be luminous object
        
        light travels in straight lines along paths which are called light rays
        
        shadow
        
        area of darkness on the surface
        
        formed when opaque object [one that does not allow light to pass through]
        
        reflection is the bouncing off of the light from an object
        
        light that reflected either undergoes regular or irregular(diffuse) reflection
        
        regular reflection
        
        occurs on a perfectly flat surface such as a plane mirror
        
        plane mirror
        
        upright
        
        literally inverted [turned from left to right]
        
        virtual [ can't be captured on a screen]
        
        always the same size as the object
        
        always the same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front
        
        irregular/difuse reflection
        
        occurs on uneven surfaces such as a white wall or a sheet of paper
        
        white wall
        
        periscope
        
        two angled mirrors can be used to see over walls or around corners
        
        convex mirrors curve outwards
        
        the image is smaller and distorted
        
        concave mirrors curve inward
        
        virtual but magnefied and upright image
        
        refraction
        
        the bending of light
        
        caused by a change in the speed of light
        
        effects
        
        objects in the water appear closer
        
        object will appear at the surface
      - eclipse
        
        total or partial blocking of sunlight when one celestial body [earth or moon] passes in between the sun and other celestial body
        
        solar eclipse
        
        when the moon moves into the position directly between the sun and the earth
        
        lunar eclipse
        
        when the earth moves into a position directly between the sun and the the moon
    - - electricity
        
        a form of energythat result from the flow of charged particles
        
        easy to changed
        
        current consists of moving charges
        
        measuring using instrument called ammeter
      - electrical comopnents
        
        series
        
        measuring using ammeter
        
        parallel
        
        measuring using volt meter
      - resistance
        
        the ratio of the potensial difference across the component to the current passing through the component
      - formula
        
        ressistence = voltage across component [ v ] : current through component [ I ]
      - electtrolytes
        
        liquid conductors of electricity
        
        2 main electrolysis
        
        chemical decomposition
        
        electroplating
    - - force
        
        pushing or pulling action
        
        invisible
        
        we only can see the the effect
        
        SI unit of force is newton (N)
        
        forcemeter
        
        used to measure the force
        
        with an extension spring balance
        
        with a compresssion spring balance
        
        formula
        
        speed = distance: time
        
        force attraction between earth and an object
        
        gravitational force
        
        effect
        
        the objectt fall towards the surface of earth
        
        the pulling action on an object due to the gravitational force acting on the object is called weight
        
        pressure
        
        force acting per unit area
        
        formula
        
        pressure = force(N) : area(m2)
        
        depends on force & area
    - - when a force moves an object through a distance
      - formula
        
        work = force x distance
      - energy
        
        energy is ability to do work
        
        when work is done, energy is always tranfered
        
        immortal
        
        types of energy
        
        potensial
        
        chemical
        
        gravitational
        
        elastic
        
        kinetic
    - - made by vibrating objects
      - cannot travel through vacuum (empty space)
      - speed
        
        330 metres per second
        
        much slower than the light
        
        speed of sound=distance travelled (m):time taken (s)
      - reflect sound waves
        
        echo
      - frequenzy is measured byy heartz (Hz)
    - - make material expansion
        
        the use of expansion
        
        bimetalic thermometer
        
        bimetallic strip
        
        riveting
        
        hot air ballon
      - SI unit = kelvin
      - measure using temperature
      - heat transfer
        
        conduction
        
        transfer using solid
        
        confection
        
        transfer by the movement of that material itself
        
        radiation
        
        transfer without medium
  - - - all living and non living matter consist of basic units called elements
      - element is a substance which cannot be broken down into two or more simpler substances by chemical means
      - some element uncombined on earth
        
        example; gold and silver
      - most occur uncombined with other elemeents
        
        oxygen
      - the most abundant element is
        
        nitrogen
      - all known elements are arranged in a chart called periodic table
        
        every element is represented by a chemical symbol
        
        each vertical column in the peoridic table is called a group
        
        each horizontal row in the periodic table is called a period
        
        elements in the periodic table can be classified into metals and non metals according to their different physical properties
        
        metals
        
        good conductor of heat
        
        good electrical conductors
        
        can be pulled into wires (dutile)
        
        can be beaten into a shape (malleable)
        
        give a ringing sound (sonorous)
        
        shiny to look (lustrous)
        
        high densities
        
        non metals
        
        poor conductor of heat
        
        poor electrical conductors
        
        non ductile
        
        brittle and snap easily
        
        not sonorous
        
        dull appearance
        
        low densities
        
        compound is a substance made when twoo or more different elements chemically combine together
        
        mixture
        
        mixture
        
        two or more substances that are not chemically combined together
      - mixture
        
        two or more substance that are not chemically combined
        
        homogenous
        
        solution
        
        sollute
        
        weak
        
        heterogenous
        
        suspenssion
    - - mixture
        
        separate using physical properties of constituents of mixture
        
        magnet attraction
        
        evaporation
        
        filtration
        
        distillation
        
        paper chromatography
        
        reverse osmosis
        
        distillation
      - compound
        
        using chemical reaction
        
        electrolysis
    - - matter
        
        all around us
        
        made up of individual particles with spaces between the paricles
        
        not continous
        
        the particulate theory of matter moving in a random manner
        
        have kinetic energy
        
        made up of individual particles such as molecules or atoms which are arranged differently in solids,liquids, &gasses
      - a change in state
        
        melting
        
        freezing
        
        boiling
        
        condensing
    - - atom
        
        the smallest particle in the universe
        
        cannot be seen even using a powerful microscope
        
        100 atom known
        
        represent as a circle
        
        neural particle
        
        maude up of 3 sub atomic particles
        
        proton
        
        neutron
        
        electron
        
        can be split to nuclear energy that can be used to generated electricity for homes and factories
      - molecules
        
        atom that combine together
    - - chemical reaction
        
        combustion
        
        thermal decomposion
        
        oxidation
        
        neutralization
        
        represent by word equation
        
        new substance that made because chemical reaction called product
      - the effect of chemical change
        
        heating matter
        
        photosyntesis
    - - species
        
        the set of genus
        
        closely related species are called a genus ( plural:genera )
        
        similar groups of animals or plants
      - biodiversity
        
        biodiverse areas
        
        less likely that a particular animal or plant will die out
        
        most biologist agree that biodiverse areas called biodiversity hotspots are the most important areas for conservation
        
        much better at recovering from nattural disaster
        
        a measure of the total number of the different living plants and animals in an area
  - - - species
        
        the set of genus
        
        closely related species are called a genus ( plural:genera )
        
        similar groups of animals or plants
      - biodiversity
        
        biodiverse areas
        
        less likely that a particular animal or plant will die out
        
        most biologist agree that biodiverse areas called biodiversity hotspots are the most important areas for conservation
        
        much better at recovering from nattural disaster
        
        a measure of the total number of the different living plants and animals in an area
    - - cell are the basic building unit of all living organism
      - simple organism such as amoeba are made up of only one cell
      - the majority