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medicine - 1700-1900 (Key terms (Anaesthetic A chemical used to make a…
medicine - 1700-1900
Key terms
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Antiseptic surgery The removal of bacteria from an operation. Lister used carbolic acid to wash a surgeons hands, soak bandages and ligatures and spray the air directly around the wound
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Inoculation Deliberately infections oneself with disease in order to become immune and avoid catching a more severe form later on.
Vaccination the injection into the body of killed or weakened organisms to give the body resistance against disease. The smallpox vaccine was the only one to use a different disease and so is known as a "dead-end" vaccine
Enlightenment A European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries that emphasised reason and individualism rather than tradition
Germ Theory the theory that germs cause disease, often by infection through the air
Great Stink The hot, dry summer of 1858 caused an awful smell from the exposed sewage on the banks of the River Themes in London. This became known as the Great Stink
Laissez-faire From the French for "leave alone" and is used to describe the British government's attitudes to public health in the early 19th century
Key People
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James Simpson
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A surgeon and professor of midwifery who discovered that chloroform could be used as an anaesthetic.
John Snow
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A surgeon who lived in Soho London, and become one of the city's leading anaesthetist. He was popular and well respected. During the 1848 cholera epidemic, he observed and concluded that the disease was caused by dirty water
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Joseph Lister
A surgeon who discovered that carbolic acid can be used in the operating theatre to remove germs; known as antiseptic surgery
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Florence Nightingale
A British nurse in the Crimean war who encouraged better hygiene in hospital and improved training of nurses to reduce the death rate.
Ideas about cause, prevention and treatment
Prevention
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Public health act
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made it compulsory for local councils to improve sewers and drainage, provide fresh water and provide officers to inspect public health facilities
Cause
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Koch's work on Microbes
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1876- anthrax : 1872 - tuberculosis and typhoid : 1883 - cholera : his team also went on to discover the microbes for diphtheria, pneumonia, meningitis, the plague and tetanus
Treatment
hospital care
Florence nightingale trained as a nurse and went to the Crimean war where she improved the cleanliness and hygiene.
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in 1860 she set up the Nightingale school of Nurses. by 1900 Hospitals where cleaner and built from materials that could be easily cleaned and had separate wards.
Surgery
Surgery in the 18th century was dangerous, patients faced pain, infection and bleeding.
in 1847 James Simpson discovered chloroform as an anaesthetic. but doctors had to be careful or patients would die of an overdose.
Lister used carbolic acid to clear wounds of bacteria. however it faced opposition because the medical profession hadn't fully accepted germ theory