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Chapter 3 : Language and Meaning (Language to Avoid When Speaking…
Chapter 3 : Language and Meaning
Language : A collection of symbols, letters or words with arbitrary meaning that are governed by rules and used to communicate
Characteristics Language
Language has Rules
1 . Semantics : The way human use language to evoke meaning in others
Syntax : The way in which word are arranged to form phrases and sentences
Pragmatics : The study language as it is used in a social context, including its affect on the communicators
Phatic Communication : Used to establish a mood of sociability rather than to communicate important information or ideas
Language and Culture Intertwined
Culture : Create lens through which we perceived the world and create a shared meaning
Language : Develops in response to the needs of the culture or to the perceptions of the world
Language Organizes and Classifies Reality : You cannot account for all the individual things in the world when you speak, you lump them into groups
Language is Arbitary : They have no inherent meanings, they only have meanings people give them
Denotative Meaning : The agreed-upon meaning or dictionary meaning of a word
Connotative Meaning : An individualized or personalized meaning of a word, which may be emotionally laden
Language is Abstract : Words are abstractions or simplification of what they stand for
Language to Avoid When Speaking
Grammatical Errors : Describe an instance of faculty, unconventional, or controversial usage
Slang : Informal, casual language used among equals with words typically unsuitable for more formal contexts
Cliches : An expression that has lost originalty and force through overvise
Euphemisms : A more polite, pleasant expression used instead of a socially unacceptable form
Profanity : A type of swearing that uses indecent words or phrases
Jargon : Language particular to a specific profession, work group or culture and not meant to be understood by outsides
Regionalisms : Words and phrases specific to a particular region or part of the country
Gender Biased, Sexist, Racist, Heterosexiest and Ageist LAnguage
Improving Language Skills
Use Descriptiveness : The practice of describing observed behavior or phenomena instead of offering personal reactions or judgements
Check Your Perceptions
Paraphase
Use Operational Definitions
Define Your Terms
Use Concrete Language : Uses words and statements that are specific rather than abstract or vague
Dating
Frozen Evaluation
Indexing
Differentiate Between Observation and Inferences : Observation are descriptions of what is sensed, inferences are conclusion drawn from observations